This paper reviews theoretical and empirical research on the use of political skill in organizations and proposes some agendas for future research. Although political skill is a relatively new construct in organizational politics research, a large number of theoretical and empirical studies have been conducted. Five major themes were identified in previous research. These are: (a) definition and measurement of political skill; (b) political skill and stress management; (c) political skill and career success; (d) political skill and individual performance; and (e) political skill and leadership effectiveness. This review critically examines previous empirical studies in light of this theoretical background and points out that, although previous empirical studies support the theoretically assumed effects of political skills, they fail to confirm how and why these skills bring about these effects. Based on this examination, the author suggests the examination of mediators and dimensional differences derived from theory that can lead to more effective exploration of the impact of political skill. In addition, several issues for future research are proposed, which may provide useful insights for both literature and practice.

Maladaptive plasticity at corticostriatal synapses plays an important role in the development of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. Recently, it has been shown that synaptic plasticity is closely linked to morphologic changes of dendritic spines. To evaluate morphologic changes of dendritic spines of two types of striatal medium spiny neurons, which project to the internal segment of globus pallidus or the external segment of globus pallidus, in the levodopa‐induced dyskinesia model, we used 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats chronically treated with levodopa. Dendritic spines were decreased and became enlarged in the direct pathway neurons of the model of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. The same levodopa treatment to normal rats, in which no dyskinesia was observed, also induced enlargement of dendritic spines, but not a decrease in density of spines in the direct pathway neurons. These results suggest that a loss and enlargement of dendritic spines in the direct pathway neurons plays important roles in the development of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

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This paper aims at shedding light on the effects that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, as predictors, have on heavy work investment of time and effort and on job engagement. Using a questionnaire survey, this study conducted a moderated-moderation analysis, considering two conditional effects-worker's status (working students vs. non-student employees) and country (Israel vs. Japan)-as potential moderators, since there are clear cultural differences between these countries. Data were gathered from 242 Israeli and 171 Japanese participants. The analyses revealed that worker's status moderates the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on heavy work investment of time and effort and on job engagement and that the moderating effects were conditioned by country differences. Theoretical and practical implications and future research suggestions are discussed.

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