The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of "Momentum" and "Climate" in P.E. class on students' formative evaluation. Data was collected through observation of 60 P.E. classes at elementary school. Momentum of P.E. class was evaluated by the observation instrument of "Learning Engagement in the Motor Learning Scenes", while climate of P.E. class was evaluated by the observation instrument of "Students' Human Relationship and Affective Behaviors" developed by Hirano et al (1997). The learning outcomes were assessed by "Questionnaire for Students' Formative Evaluation" standardized by Takahashi et al (1994). Main fi ndings were as follows, 1) The multiple regression analysis revealed 6 factors that connected with "Momentum" and "Climate" had big effects on P.E. classes. Especially, off-task behaviors as a component of "Momentum" and negative behaviors of human relationship as a component of "Climate" had signifi cantly negative effects on students' formative evaluation. Only positive behaviors of human relationship showed a signifi cantly positive effect on it. 2) Even in analyzing the gymnastics classes and the ball-game classes separately, the above general tendency was found similarly. However, only in the ball-game classes negative behaviors of human relationship and negative behaviors of affection showed signifi cantly negative effects on students' evaluation, 3) It was suggested that the teaching strategies for reducing off-task behaviors and negative behaviors of human relationship and those for increasing positive behaviors of human relationship were important to realize the effective teaching in P.E. highly evaluated by students. Keywords: human relationship behavior, affective behavior, learning result, effective teaching in P.E.
: A comparative study of 3 on 2 and 3 on 3 basketball games based on on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball movement performed with 6th grade elementary students. Japan J. Phys. Educ. Hlth. Sport Sci. 53: 439-462.Abstract : The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of modified basketball games based on onthe-ball decision-making and off-the-ball movement. Two types of numerically modified basketball games, "3 on 2" and "3 on 3", were played by two 6th grade elementary PE classes. Twenty-four students participated in the 3 on 2 games, and 28 students in the 3 on 3 games. All games were videotaped, and the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was used for data analysis. This instrument allows counting of the frequency of on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball support movement, and assists in judging the performance of students in situations such as shooting, passing, ball-keeping, and supporting, as to whether or not these are appropriate. The main findings are summarized as follows:1. The number of students who experienced on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball support situations, and the average frequencies of these experiences, were higher in the 3 on 2 games than in the 3 on 3 games.2. In the 3 on 2 games, the numbers of students who performed appropriate passing, ball-keeping, and support were significantly higher than in the 3 on 3 games (pϽ.001).3. The rates of appropriate shooting, passing, ball-keeping, and support were significantly higher in the 3 on 2 than in the 3 on 3 games (pϽ.01).The 3 on 2 basketball game was shown to be very effective, allowing upper elementary grade students to learn appropriate on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball support movement, in comparison with the 3 on 3 game.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.