Early administration increases the benefit of anti-influenza drugs--not only the benefit of oseltamivir treatment for influenza A, but also the benefit of amantadine treatment for influenza A and oseltamivir treatment for influenza B. Oseltamivir may be less effective as a treatment for influenza B than for influenza A. A highest body temperature of > or = 39 degrees C was an indicator of a longer duration of fever.

This Article describes the synthesis and characterization of renewable self-adhesive coatings with tunable viscoelastic properties and equipped with well-defined amounts of carboxylic acid "sticker" groups with adhesion promoting characteristics. Hydroxyl-ended polyesters with various architectures (linear, branched) were synthesized by melt polycondensation of dimerized fatty acids and fatty diols and then cured with maleic anhydride-modified triglycerides (such as maleinized soybean oil) in the presence of the amidine catalyst 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. The curing reaction of alcoholysis has the dual effect of chain extending/cross-linking the base polymers via creation of polymeric half-esters linkages while introducing carboxylic acid functions within the gel structure. We demonstrated how the adhesion properties can be finely tuned from molecular design and formulation of the network precursors and how the rheology and functionality of the coatings influence the adhesive bond formation and development. These renewable polyester adhesives proved to be suitable materials for pressure-sensitive adhesives applications with respect to adhesion strength, viscoelasticity, and functionality. In addition, the environmental benefits of such materials are briefly discussed.

Acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) are both byproducts of a lipid peroxidation reaction. Actinic elastosis in photodamaged skin of aged individuals is characterized by the accumulation of fragmented elastic fibers in the sun-exposed areas. To study whether a lipid peroxidation reaction is involved in the accumulation of altered elastic fibers in actinic elastosis, skin specimens obtained from sun-damaged areas were immunohistochemically examined using the antibodies against acrolein and HNE. Both antibodies were found to react with the accumulations of elastic material. Double immunofluorescence labeling demonstrated that acrolein/elastin and HNE/elastin were colocalized in the actinic elastosis. Western blot analysis showed that the polypeptide with a molecular weight of 62 kDa reacted with anti-acrolein, anti-HNE and anti-elastin antibodies. The results suggest that acrolein and HNE may be associated with actinic elastosis.

As-grown defects in 6-inch-diameter Czochralski-silicon crystals grown under different crystal growth rate conditions (0.4, 0.7, 1.1 mm/min) were studied by means of preferential etching and IR light-scattering tomography (LST). Grown-in defect images were classified into four types as follows: (a) flow patterns (wedge-shaped etch pits), (b) IR-defect images observed by LST, (c) ringlike distributed small pits, and (d) large pits. It was found by secondary ion mass spectrometry that IR defects are oxygen precipitates. Large pit defects were identified by transmission electron microscopy as large dislocation loops with a length of about 30 µm. At growth rates from 0.7 mm/min to 1.1 mm/min, flow pattern defects and IR defects coexist inside a ringlike distributed oxidation-induced stacking fault (ring-OSF) region. However, at growth rates less than 0.7 mm/min, large pit defects were observed in the region outside the ring. Characteristic ringlike distributed small pit defects were observed on the outer periphery of the ring region. Flow pattern defects were annihilated during annealing at 1100°C, while IR defects were stable at 1250°C.

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Background:The role of ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIMs) in the deubiquitinating enzyme USP37 is unknown. Results: Inactivation of the UIMs in USP37 resulted in lower isopeptidase activity toward ubiquitin chains. Conclusion: The UIMs in USP37 are required for the full catalytic activity of the enzyme. Significance: This study reveals a novel mechanism to increase the catalytic activity of deubiquitinating enzymes.

Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis1–4 is a new name for melanosis faciei feminase designated after the mechanisim and causative allergens of this pigmentary disorder were greatly clarified. In Japan, a large number of pigmented cosmetic dermatitis patients were noted in the 1960s and 1970s; however, the number of patients has decreased remarkably since 1978, when major cosmetic companies began to eliminate strong contact sensitizers from their products. This review is concerned with the way this pigmentary disorder was overcome through the use of patch testing and allergen control.