The present study investigated context effects of incidental odors in free recall after a short retention interval (5 min). With a short retention interval, the results are not confounded by extraneous odors or encounters with the experimental odor and possible rehearsal during a long retention interval. A short study time condition (4 s per item), predicted not to be affected by adaptation to the odor, and a long study time condition (8 s per item) were used. Additionally, we introduced a new method for recovery from adaptation, where a dissimilar odor was briefly presented at the beginning of the retention interval, and we demonstrated the effectiveness of this technique. An incidental learning paradigm was used to prevent overshadowing from confounding the results. In three experiments, undergraduates (N = 200) incidentally studied words presented one-by-one and received a free recall test. Two pairs of odors and a third odor having different semantic-differential characteristics were selected from 14 familiar odors. One of the odors was presented during encoding, and during the test, the same odor (same-context condition) or the other odor within the pair (different-context condition) was presented. Without using a recovery-from-adaptation method, a significant odor-context effect appeared in the 4-s/item condition, but not in the 8-s/item condition. Using the recovery-from-adaptation method, context effects were found for both the 8- and the 4-s/item conditions. The size of the recovered odor-context effect did not change with study time. There were no serial position effects. Implications of the present findings are discussed.
The lhermal environmont in summer at a large rooftop garden on a commcrcia 且building was investigated . Results 肛 e summarized as fellOWS. 1 . Resting places in a tree Shade had nen − " Hot , , condition when solar τadia 重ion was la 【 ge, while wind speed was around l rn ! s in thcre and conseqllently SET * was higher lhan that in shaded open spaces . 2 . The rooftop gardon had we11 − shaded foot paths that supplied non − " Ho ビ ' condition during most of 山 o aftcmoon . 3. Atree shade was desirable en a fine day , while open spaces were desimb 乳 e on a cleudy day , 4 . SET * was most appropTiate index 重 o evaluate 重he 【elationship between human behaviors and thermal envimnmen 宜.
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