These results suggest that, after traumatic brain injury, decreasing body temperature to 35 to 35.5 degrees C can reduce intracranial hypertension while maintaining sufficient cerebral perfusion pressure without cardiac dysfunction or oxygen debt. Thus, 35 to 35.5 degrees C seems to be the optimal temperature at which to treat patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Cooling patients to 35 degrees C is safe and the ICP reduction effects of 35 degrees C hypothermia are similar to those of 33 degrees C hypothermia.

Among primary lacrimal gland tumors, adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm; it is characterized by local intracranial invasion. A case with unusual dumbbell-type intracranial extension representing cavernous sinus syndrome is described. A 49-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with right cavernous sinus syndrome. Computerized tomographic (CT) scans and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated well-enhanced intraorbital and middle fossa tumors mimicking multifocal mass lesions. Operative findings revealed an ACC originating from the lacrimal gland and extending into the right cavernous sinus and middle fossa along the nerve sheath in the superior orbital fissure. Although MR image findings of intracranial ACC often resemble the image findings for meningiomas, intracranial ACC is very aggressive in comparison with meningioma. It is best treated surgically and aggressively.

Hypothermia of 33 degrees for 48-72 hours does not appear to increase the risk for coagulopathy and infections, although hypothermic patients exhibited significant increments in inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and white blood counts after rewarming.

Age is an important factor influencing outcome after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). In general, the older the victim, the higher the probability of a poor outcome. To investigate the mechanism underlying the link between age and outcome, the data for 797 patients enrolled in the Japan Neurotrauma Data Bank (JNTDB), aged 6 years or older, with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 8 or less on admission or deterioration to that level within 48 h of impact were analyzed. Thirty-eight percent of the patients were between the ages of 40 and 69 years, and 24% of the patients were older than 69 years. Older patients had higher rates of mortality and lower rates of favorable outcome. The frequency of mass lesions which were associated with poorer outcomes significantly increased with age, but regardless of the intracranial lesion type, older patients had poorer outcomes. The GCS score and the occurrence of systemic complications did not differ significantly according to age. Multiple systemic injury was less frequent in older patients. The varied occurrence of intracranial lesion types according to age is likely caused by the disparity between the young and aged brain in the progression of secondary brain injury. Alteration in the pathophysiological response, which is related to the development of secondary brain injury in the aging brain, probably contributes to more severe and irreversible brain damage in older patients, and is thus associated with poor outcomes.