We report the results of pathologic and biochemical studies in a patient with 6q-linked autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP). Neuronal loss and gliosis were restricted to the substantia nigra and the locus ceruleus. No Lewy bodies were found, but neurofibrillary tangles and argyrophilic astrocytes were seen in the cerebral cortex and brainstem nuclei. The later findings, which have not been reported previously in AR-JP, suggest the pathologic heterogeneity of 6q-linked AR-JP.
BackgroundCurrently, the cryopreservation of embryos and oocytes is essential for assisted reproductive technology (ART) laboratories worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the Kitasato Vitrification System (KVS) as a vitrification device for the cryopreservation of mouse embryos to determine whether this novel device can be adapted to the field of ART.MethodsIn Experiment 1, blastocysts were vitrified using the KVS. Vitrified blastocysts were warmed and subsequently cultured for 72 h. In Experiment 2, 2-cell-stage embryos were vitrified using the KVS, and vitrified embryos were warmed and subsequently cultured for 96 h. In Experiment 3, we evaluated the in vivo developmental potential of vitrified 2-cell-stage embryos using the KVS, and in Experiment 4, we evaluated the cooling and warming rates for these devices using a numerical simulation.ResultsIn Experiment 1, there were no significant differences between the survival rates of the KVS and a control device. However, re-expanded (100%) and hatching (91.8%) rates were significantly higher for blastocysts vitrified using the KVS. In Experiment 2, there were no significant differences between the survival rates, or rates of development to the blastocyst stage, of vitrified and fresh embryos. In Experiment 3, after embryo transfer, 41% of the embryos developed into live offspring. In Experiment 4, the cooling and warming rates of the KVS were 683,000 and 612,000 °C/min, respectively, exceeding those of the control device.ConclusionsOur study clearly demonstrates that the KVS is a novel vitrification device for the cryopreservation of mouse embryos at the blastocyst and 2-cell stage.
Bayliss and Starling (3) could not find in the colon the responses conclusive enough to show their law of the intestine. Cannon (5) however observed that pinching the cat's colon evoked contraction above the pinched region and relaxation below it. Raiford and Mulinos (9,10) observed that the stimulation of the mucosa of the colon with a needle elicited the contraction of the circular muscle above the stimulated spot, while it elicited the contraction of the longitudinal muscle below. According to Bozler (4) electric stimulation of the innervated proximal colon of the rabbit always elicited contraction above the stimulated spot without producing any inhibition below. Recently Hukuhara et al. (7) found that the intrinsic reflexes in the small intestine consisted of two kinds of reflexes essentially different from each other in nature. From the expectation that the same would be valid in the colon, these experiments were carried out. METHODSExperiments were made on dogs (23 dogs) anesthetized with 0.8-1.0g. urethane per kg. and 3mg. morphine per kg. The colon was decentralized in various ways: (a) The vagus nerves were bilaterally severed in the neck and the major and minor splanchnic nerves, colonic nerves, hypogastric nerves and pelvic nerves, were bilaterally and extraperitoneally severed. (b) The mesenterial nerves innervating the colon were severed, denervation being insured by application of cocaine crystals to the transected region of the nerves. (c) The spinal cord caudal to the 5th thoracic segment was destroyed and the cervical vagi were bilaterally severed.In order to observe the colonic movements the greater part of the jejunum and ileum was removed. The methods employed to record the colonic motility and that used to stimulate the mucosa as well as the muscular coats were similar to those used in the experiments on the small intestine (7). The balloons were introduced into the various levels of the colon on the one hand through the incision made in the cecal or colonic wall and on the other hand through the anus. RESULTSIn the anesthetized animals with intact extracolonic nerves, we usually
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