A saponin fraction from the stems of Yucca schidigera (Mohave yucca) exhibited potent growth-inhibitory activities against certain food-deteriorating yeasts, film-forming yeasts, and dermatophytic yeasts and fungi. From this fraction, a number of new anti-yeast monodesmosidic spirostanol saponins, named schidigera-saponins A1 (1), A2 (2), A3 (3), B1 (4), C1 (5),C2 (6); 25(R and S) schidigera-saponins D1 (7), D2 (8), E1 (12), F1 (13); and 25(S) schidigera-saponins D3 (9), D4 (10), D5 (11), and F2 (14) were isolated, together with several related known saponins, and the structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (see Chart 1). The relationship between the antiyeast activities and the structures of these saponins is described.
We explore and describe the roles of inter-molecular vibrations employing a Brownian oscillator (BO) model with linear-linear (LL) and square-linear (SL) system-bath interactions, which we use to analyze two-dimensional (2D) THz-Raman spectra obtained by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In addition to linear infrared absorption (1D IR), we calculated 2D Raman-THz-THz, THz-Raman-THz, and THz-THz-Raman signals for liquid formamide, water, and methanol using an equilibrium non-equilibrium hybrid MD simulation. The calculated 1D IR and 2D THz-Raman signals are compared with results obtained from the LL+SL BO model applied through use of hierarchal Fokker-Planck equations with non-perturbative and non-Markovian noise. We find that all of the qualitative features of the 2D profiles of the signals obtained from the MD simulations are reproduced with the LL+SL BO model, indicating that this model captures the essential features of the inter-molecular motion. We analyze the fitted 2D profiles in terms of anharmonicity, nonlinear polarizability, and dephasing time. The origins of the echo peaks of the librational motion and the elongated peaks parallel to the probe direction are elucidated using optical Liouville paths.
Hepatoprotective effect of the leaves and stems of Ampelopsis grossedentata together with its main constituent, ampelopsin, were examined on D-galactosamine induced liver injury in rats. The diet containing 50% ethanolic extract (1%) and ampelopsin (0.1%) markedly suppressed the increase of LDH, ALT, AST, alpha-tocopherol levels and GSG/GSSH caused by GalN treatment. These results suggested that ampelopsin from Tocha acted to prevent the oxidative stress in vivo that may have been due to active oxygen species formed by a macrophage by the action of GalN.
Summary. In normotensive subjects, acute reduction of mean arterial pressure to from 60 to 75 mm Hg by infusion of sodium nitroprusside caused significant increase in renin activity of renal venous plasma and also in the renalsystemic difference of renin activity. At the same time, the products of the renal-systemic difference of renin activity and renal plasma flow increased significantly, whereas renin substrate activity of plasma was unchanged, indicating that there was an increase in renin release during reduction in pressure. Renin activity of renal venous plasma, expressed in logarithms, showed a significant correlation with the degree of reduction in pressure; an increase in renin activity became significant when mean arterial pressure was reduced to below a level of 70 to 75 mm Hg.There was a striking difference in the renal response to reduction in pressure between patients with renovascular hypertension and normotensive subjects. In 10 renovascular hypertensive patients, significant increase in renin release occurred from the involved kidney at mean arterial pressures ranging from 90 to 137 mm Hg; the threshold at which renin release increased was shifted to a range much higher than that in normotensive subjects. Furthermore, the magnitude of renin release from the involved kidney was significantly greater when compared to that in normotensive subjects. In contrast, in the contralateral uninvolved kidney, no significant release of renin was detected during reduction in pressure. The renal mechanism controlling renin secretion appears to be operative at higher systemic arterial pressure levels and with enhanced responsiveness in the involved kidney of renovascular hypertensive patients; the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system participates in maintaining hypertension in this disease.
SUMMARY Supine plasma concentration of norepinephrine (PNE), epinephrine (PE), and aldosterone (PA), plasma renin activity (PRA), and blood volume (BV) were measured in 25 normotensive and 11 hypertensive patients with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis who had serum creatinine concentrations of less than 1.6 mg/dl, and in 20 normotensive control subjects. PNE and PE were measured according to the trihydroxyindol method using high pressure liquid chromatography. Renal clearances of p-aminohippurate (C PAH ) and endogenous creatinine (Ccr) were also determined. Age, BV, and 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium were not significantly different in the three groups. Although all the measured variables were comparable between the control subjects and the normotensive nephritic patients, blood pressure, PNE, PE, PRA, and PA were significantly higher and C PAH and Ccr were significantly lower in the hypertensive nephritic patients than in the normotensive nephritic patients or the control subjects. In the pooled nephritic patients, mean blood pressure was significant-
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