Abstruct-1-V power supply high-speed low-power digital circuit technology with 0.5-pm multithreshold-voltage CMOS (MTCMOS) is proposed. This technology features both lowthreshold voltage and high-threshold voltage MOSFET's in a single LSI. The low-threshold voltage MOSFET's enhance speed Performance at a low supply voltage of 1 V or less, while the high-threshold voltage MOSFET's suppress the stand-by leakage current during the sleep period. This technology has brought about logic gate characteristics of a 1.7-11s propagation delay time and 0.3-pW/MHz/gate power dissipation with a standard load. In addition, an MTCMOS standard cell library has been developed so that conventional CAD tools can be used to lay out low-voltage LSI's. To demonstrate MTCMOS's effectiveness, a PLL LSI based on standard cells was designed as a carrying vehicle. 18-MHz operation at 1 V was achieved using a 0.5-pm CMOS process.

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Programmed death 1 (PD‐1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) pathway blockade has become a promising therapeutic target in adult cancers. We evaluated PD‐L1 expression and tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ T cells in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tumor specimens from 53 untreated pediatric patients with eight cancer types: neuroblastoma, extracranial malignant germ cell tumor, hepatoblastoma, germinoma, medulloblastoma, renal tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. One rhabdomyosarcoma with the shortest survival exhibited membranous PD‐L1 expression and germinoma contained abundant tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ T cells and PD‐L1‐positive macrophages. The PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway tended to be inactive in pediatric cancers.

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