ObjectivesMitral valve (MV) clip procedure requires interatrial trans-septal puncture to access the left atrium (LA). Iatrogenic atrial septal defect (iASD) is not uncommon and may remain for a while. However, haemodynamic and echocardiographic determinants of persistent iASD are not well investigated. We sought to find haemodynamic and echocardiographic determinants of iASD after MV clip.MethodsA total of 131 patients with grades 3 to 4+ mitral regurgitation who underwent MitraClip and completed invasive haemodynamic measurement, baseline, 1 month and approximately 12 months of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) follow-up were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsTTE at 1 month showed persistent iASD in 57% (1M-iASD). Mean LA pressure after clip was significantly higher in patients with 1M-iASD than patients without 1M-iASD (17±6 mm Hg vs 15±5 mm Hg, p=0.01). Among patients with 1M-iASD, 24 patients (35%) had persistent iASD at 12 months (12M-iASD). Mean LA pressure after clip was significantly higher in patients with 12M-iASD than patients without 12M-iASD (19±6 mm Hg vs 16±6 mm Hg, p=0.04). Patients with 12M-iASD did not significantly differ from patients without 12M-iASD in terms of right heart enlargement, estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure, New York Heart Association functional class and brain natriuretic peptide at 12 months. Logistic regression analysis, however, showed that mean LA pressure after clip was significantly associated with persistent iASD at 12 months in patients with 1M-iASD even after adjustment for cardiac index after clip and the prevalence of mitral regurgitation ≥3+ at 12 months (OR 1.10 per 1 mm Hg, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.21, p=0.04).ConclusionsElevated LA pressure after MV clip was associated with persistent iASD.

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BACKGROUND The effectiveness of severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ,35%) as a predictor of sudden cardiac death (SCD) has diminished, and improvements in risk stratification await discovery of novel markers. Right ventricular (RV) abnormalities can be observed in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apnea, which have been linked to SCD.OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether RV abnormalities were associated with SCD after accounting for LVEF and other patient characteristics.METHODS In a large, prospective ongoing community-based study of SCD in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area, SCD cases (age 18 years; 2002-2014) were compared to controls with coronary artery disease but no SCD. Using a novel archive of digital echocardiograms, a standardized approach was used to evaluate RV basal diameter, RV end-diastolic area, and right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC). RESULTSA total of 350 subjects were studied, including 81 SCD cases (age 68.7 6 13.6 years; 73% male) and 269 controls (age 66.5 6 10.2 years; 69% male). In multivariate analysis, RVFAC was significantly associated with SCD (odds ratio 1.14 for each 5% decrease; 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.25; P 5 .01). When modeled with LVEF 35%, RVFAC 35% was significantly associated with increased risk of SCD. Individuals with both left ventricular and RV dysfunction had a 3! higher odds of SCD than those with neither (odds ratio 3.19; 95% confidence interval 1.33-7.68; P 5 .01).CONCLUSION RV dysfunction was associated with a significantly increased risk of SCD independent of LVEF and, when combined with LVEF, had additive effects on SCD risk.

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