In this paper, we describe a hybrid simulation technique for electrostatic discharge (ESD) events in contact discharge mode. The proposed technique is based on circuit, electrostatic field, and full-wave simulations. The circuit simulation is performed to obtain the currents which is used as the input excitation in the subsequent full-wave simulation. A circuit to be analyzed is the equivalent circuit model of an ESD generator attached with a ground strap and a target object. Meanwhile, we perform the electrostatic field simulation in order to calculate electric field distribution around the generator charged before the discharging phase. Finally, a computational domain excluding the ESD generator and the ground strap is analyzed by means of the full-wave simulation based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. In other words, we do the full-wave simulation for only a part of the whole computational domain by using the input currents as external effects to the target object. Because the hybrid simulation can take a low computational cost relative to existing full-wave techniques, it can reduce the total CPU time and the amount of memory consumption. We compare the accuracy and the CPU time of our approach with those of the conventional FDTD solver to show the adequacy of the hybrid simulation method.
Installation of the photovoltaic power system on the roof of houses is increasing rapidly. The photovoltaic power system has two typical problems, one is large power output change depending on climate change, and the other is over voltage in distribution line due to reverse power flow. These problems will be remarkable subjects for large amount of installation of photovoltaic power system in near future. This paper discussed countermeasures for these problems. We propose an output power smoothing method that a dc capacitor is assumed and stored energy is controlled to make the output smooth, an idea for determining the capacity of the capacitor based on measured data is explained. We also propose a flexible control for a photovoltaic power system with active power and reactive power controls against conventional one that has constant unity power factor, because reactive power is able to contribute over voltage suppression in distribution line. Proposed controllers are applied to a photovoltaic power system for a single phase ac output with three wires, and performance is confirmed by ATPDraw simulation.
In this paper, we describe a hybrid circuit and electromagnetic simulation technique for electrostatic discharge (ESD) events. First, we perform the transient simulation of an equivalent circuit of an ESD generator. At the same time, a computational domain without the ESD generator is analyzed by means of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The results from the SPICE-like and FDTD simulations are exchanged for each other by using analogy between the circuit theory and electromagnetics. The proposed method can reduce the computational cost significantly because we perform the FDTD simulation only for the reduced domain, which is much smaller than the whole domain. The adequacy of the proposed method is verified by comparing simulation results with measurement results.
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