No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Background There is a meaningful necessity for a targeted therapy of essential tremor (ET), as medications have not been developed specifically for ET. For nearly a century, many drugs have been applied in the treatment of tremor but the drug treatment of ET remains still unknown. Some potential therapeutic factors such fingolimod (FTY720) can be effectively used to treat ET in animals. In the present research, the effect of FTY720, the immunomodulatory sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) analog, on degeneration of cerebellar and olivary neurons induced by harmaline in male rats was investigated. Methods The animals were allotted into control dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), saline + harmaline [30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, (i.p.)], harmaline + FTY720 (1 mg/kg, i.p, 1 h and 24 h before harmaline injection) groups ( n = 10). The cerebellum and inferior olive nucleus (ION) were studied for neuronal degeneration using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and ultrastructural study by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Results Harmaline caused neuronal cell loss, caspase-3 mediated apoptosis, astrocytosis and ultrastructural changes in cerebellar Purkinje cells and inferior olive neurons. FTY720 exhibited neuroprotective effects on cerebellar Purkinje cells and inferior olivary neurons. Conclusion These results suggest that FTY720 has potential efficacy for prevention of ET neurodegeneration and astrocytosis induced by harmaline in male rats.

Background: Bile duct ligation (BDL) has been used for evaluating the protective effects of different agents with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties against the liver and brain damages. Naringenin (N) and melatonin (M) were used as protectants in various models of diseases. Aim: In the current research, the combinational effects of these well-known anti-inflammatory and antioxidants agents were investigated against cerebral injuries induced by BDL in male rats. Methods: The animals were distributed into the following groups: Sham, BDL + Vehicle and BDL+ N + M. Neuronal damages were evaluated using biochemical, motor behavioral tasks and morphological assessments. Results: Based on the data, BDL resulted in the decreasing locomotor activity, which was reversed by N and M. Morphological study confirmed that BDL led to neurodegeneration in the cortex of the rats, and the N and M treatment preserved cortical neurons. In addition, immunohistochemical (IHC) study of the rat cortex showed that BDL resulted in increasing the activated astrocytes, and the N and M treatment reduced the number of activated cells. Conclusion: These results obviously depicted that combinational therapy with N and M had positive effects in the BDL rats, probably due to their synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.