Background Adolescent pregnancy is a global public health and social phenomenon. However, the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy varies between and within countries. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the spatial distribution and factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria. Methods Using data from the women’s recode file, a sample of 9448 adolescents aged 15-19 were considered as the sample size for this study. We employed a multilevel and spatial analyses to ascertain the factors associated with adolescent pregnancy and its spatial clustering. Results The spatial distribution of adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria ranges from 0 to 66.67%. A high proportion of adolescent pregnancy was located in the Northern parts of Nigeria. The likelihood of adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria was high among those who had sexual debut between 15 to 19 years [aOR = 1.49; 95%(CI = 1.16-1.92)], those who were currently married [aOR = 67.00; 95%(CI = 41.27-108.76)], and adolescents whose ethnicity were Igbo [aOR = 3.73; 95%(CI = 1.04-13.30)], while adolescents who were currently working [aOR = 0.69; 95%(CI = 0.55-0.88)] were less likely to have adolescent pregnancy. Conclusion A high proportion of adolescent pregnancy was located in the Northern parts of Nigeria. In addition, age at sexual debut, educational level, marital status, ethnicity, and working status were associated with adolescent pregnancy. Therefore, it is vital to take cognizant of these factors in designing adolescent pregnancy prevention programs or strengthening existing efforts in Nigeria.

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Background Studies have shown that affordable health insurance can influence healthcare visits and increase the choice of medication uptake in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a need to document the influence of health insurance coverage and modern contraceptive use in order to encourage its uptake. Thus, this study examined the influence of health insurance coverage on modern contraceptive use among sexually active women in Nigeria. Methods The secondary dataset utilised in this study were derived from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Data analyses were restricted to 24,280 women of reproductive age 15–49 years who were sexually active in the survey dataset. Weighted bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the influence of health insurance coverage on modern contraceptive use while controlling for possible confounders. A Significant level of alpha was determined at p < 0.05 using STATA 16.0. Results The prevalence of health insurance coverage and modern contraceptive use among sexually active women in Nigeria were 25.47% and 13.82%, respectively. About 1 out of every 4 sexually active women covered by health insurance were using a modern contraceptive, while 86.50% of the women not covered by health insurance were not using any modern contraceptive method. After adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, the odds of using any modern contraceptive were significantly higher for sexually active women who were covered by any health insurance [aOR = 1.28; 95% (CI = 1.01–1.62)] compared to sexually active women not covered by health insurance in Nigeria. Conclusion The study demonstrated that health insurance coverage is a significant driver of health service utilization, including modern contraceptive use. Health insurance benefits are recommended to be expanded to cover a broader spectrum of family planning services in Nigeria. More research is required to understand the influence of different health insurance schemes and the use of modern family planning methods in Nigeria.

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Access to potable water and sanitation promotion is critical to public health and community development. The rural communities of Garatu and Gidanmangoro were selected for a comparative investigation of the challenges households faced in accessing water and sanitation facilities. The study used primary data collected through survey questionnaire administration. Findings revealed that many of the respondents are female. In Garatu, 79%, and Gidanmangoro, 56%, have access to boreholes, while no residents of the two communities have access to the pipe water. The results also indicated that only about 17% of respondents have access to a water closet facility. The study revealed that the challenges associated with access to water and sanitation facilities include slow pace of domestic and commercial activities, household children absence or lateness to school, water unaffordability, and social friction and quarrels resulting from the long queue at the water point. It is recommended that attention be placed upon potable water facilities to improve household access in rural communities.

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River overflow is one of the main causes of flooding and erosion. In Nigeria, flooding affects (loss and damage to properties and distortion of sources of livelihood) and displaces more people than any other disaster (loss and damage to properties and distortion of sources of livelihood). The 2012 overflowing of the River Niger and the subsequent flooding of Lokoja historically represent the most devastating natural disaster in the city. The study was based on the Geographic Information System’s (GIS) Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) and examined the risk and vulnerability of Lokoja’s settlements adjoining the Niger River to flooding. The criterion considered were elevation, land cover, slope, curvature, flow accumulation, the Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the drainage density of the study area. The data used for this study was obtained from a secondary source United States Geological Survey (USGS). The relationship between the NDWI and the precipitation in Lokoja showed that the NDWI and precipitation were inversely related. This implied that an increase in precipitation was consequential to the intensity of the water index in the study area. This study successfully showed the capability of remote sensing and the GIS to assess both pre- and post-disaster (flooding) vulnerability. It also revealed that high precipitation and increasing physical development due to urbanisation in lowlands increased the vulnerability of an area to flooding. The recommendation forwarded was the need for improved river basin management and flood disaster prevention.

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