ABSTRACT:The storage of grains under technical conditions in favorable environment ensures grain quality and regulates the supply of raw material for food production. For this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate the different forms of storage (aerated silo, non-aerated silo, silo bags and airtight) of grains produced in the Brazilian cerrado, over time (zero, three and six months), for different physical qualities of maize (normal grains, whole grains and broken grains). The research was conducted at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Chapadão do Sul Campus (CPCS), Grain Postharvest Laboratory. To determine the physical-chemical quality and the physical properties of grains over six months, samples were taken from the stored lots. Analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey's test were conducted at 5% probability. The six-month storage time was the main factor contributing to the reduction of the quality of maize grains. Storage alternatives with aeration, non-aeration, bags and airtight environment did not influence the physical properties of maize grains. The broken maize grains showed the worst physical and chemical quality during storage time, while the batch of whole corn grains differ in quality during storage. It was concluded that airtight storage and storage in aerated silos were the conditions that best preserved the physical and chemical quality of maize grains over time.

The preservation of the physical and chemical quality of jatobá-do-cerrado seeds during processing and storage is essential to the restocking of vegetation in degraded areas. Since no scientific studies have analysed the optimal post-harvest conditions for jatobá-do-cerrado seeds, this study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of jatobá-do-cerrado seeds following different types of processing: with pulp, without pulp (scarification), without pulp (fermentation) and at different storage temperatures (10 and 23 °C) and different packaging (tetrapack, paper, plastic, PET bottles and glass bottles), over six months. The physical and chemical constituents of jatobá-do-cerrado seeds varied according to the packaging conditions. An increased storage time reduced the quality of the seeds. Seeds with pulp showed better physical characteristics during storage. The pulping processing of seeds by mechanical scarification increased the acidity and ash content, but led to the highest percentage of crude protein during storage at 23 °C. The fermentation method of seed pulping positively affected seed quality during storage at 10 °C. Permeable packaging (paper bags and tetrapack) led to a greater reduction in seed quality than that in glass bottles, PET bottles or plastic bags. The best conditions for the processing of jatobá-do-cerrado seeds was fermentation and the best storage condition was in waterproof packaging (glass or PET bottles). Key words: Post-harvest. Packaging. Temperature. ResumoA preservação da qualidade física e química no processamento de sementes de jatobá-do-cerrado e armazenamento são fundamentais para o repovoamento de vegetação em áreas degradadas. Como não existem estudos científicos que comprovem as melhores condições na pós-colheita de sementes de jatobá-do-cerrado, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade físico-química das sementes jatobá-do-cerrado, em diferentes formas de processamento com polpa, sem polpa (escarificação), sem polpa (fermentado) e condições de temperatura de armazenamento (10 e 23 0 C) e embalagens (tetrapack, papel, plástico, garrafas PET e embalagens de vidro), ao longo de seis meses. Os constituintes físicos e químicos das sementes de jatobá-do-cerrado variaram de acordo com as condições avaliadas e embalagem. O aumento do tempo de armazenamento reduziu a qualidade das sementes. As sementes com polpa mantiveram melhor as características físicas ao longo do tempo de armazenamento. O processo de despolpamento das sementes pela escarificação aumentou o índice de acidez e cinzas, porém apresentou as maiores porcentagens de proteína bruta nas condições de acondicionamento com temperatura de 23 0 C. O método de despolpamento das sementes pela fermentação foi favorável a qualidade para as condições de armazenamento na temperatura de 10 0 C. As embalagens permeáveis (sacos de papel e tetrapack) interferiram mais na redução da qualidade das sementes que as embalagens de frasco de vidro, sacos plásticos e garrafas PET. As melhores condições de processame...

The storage of sunflower seeds in an adequate position to guarantee the quality and regulate the supply of raw material for the industries for the production of oils and bran. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield of sunflower seed oil after drying and during storage in three conditions (25 0 C and 50%, 20% and 60 0 C, 30 0 C and 40%) in different packing (permeable and impermeable). Quality assessments of seed and oil yield were performed in zero, three and six months of storage times and analyzed by the average test were compared by Tukey test at 5 % probability. In storage there were greater reductions in oil, with the increase of storage temperature of 20 °C to 30 °C and reducing the relative humidity from 60% to 40%. Under these conditions, the yield of oil decreased from 65% to 17%. Waterproof packaging positively influenced the quality of sunflower seeds stored. The conditions of 25 °C and 50% RH air storage were more favorable for the quality of the seeds. The increase in time of storage under conditions of 30 °C and 40% RH air adversely affecting the quality of seeds. It was concluded that to increase the oil yield of sunflower seeds, the best storage conditions were 25 0 C and 50% RH air.

Phenology is an important tool used for the knowledge and study of native species, being necessary that they are conducted in a uniform way and evaluated the same characteristics, both quantitative and qualitative. In this sense, this work aimed to gather the main studies, proposing a union in the methodology for this type of study. For effective work, five to ten individuals should be sampled by species, checking the presence or absence of phenophases, visually quantifying the percentage of canopy coverage and classifying them as to their occurrence and regularity and finally checking the synchronization of events in species within the community. To carry out phenological studies, five to ten individuals must be sampled, and the presence or absence of phenophases, defoliation, sprouting, leaf expansion and maintenance of foliage in the canopy, flower buds emission, flowering in progress, end of flowering, forming fruits, ripe fruits and falling fruits / dispersing seeds, visually quantify the percentage of canopy coverage, and then estimate its synchronization and classification as to the frequency and regularity of occurrence.