MDR uropathogens lead to high-level morbidity and mortality and pose a tremendous threat towards treatment failure and survival of UTI patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the demographic characteristics, antibiogram, and resistance pattern of Escherichia coli against antibiotics-a retrospective study at Nishtar Medical Hospital in Multan, from June 2016 to July 2017. A total of 150 clinical samples were collected and biochemically characterized by Berge's manual, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the results were interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. Data was analyzed by the XL-stat software. Results indicate that UTI was more prevalent in rural areas such as Alipur (28.6%) and Jalalpur (18%) and less common in urban areas like Muzaffargarh (2.66) and Multan (2%). A total of 150 patients were examined, of which 88 were females and 62 males in which more frequently found pathogens were E. coli (33%) and others Klebsiella pneumonia (18%), Proteus (10%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (8.66%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.33%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.66%), Enterobacter (6%), Candida (5.33%), and Citrobacter (4.66%). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out against E. coli strains that showed the highest overall resistance patterns of imipenem (IMI), Cip, Aug, Cfm, and CN, which were 80%, 72%, 68%, 60%, and 52%, respectively. MDR E. coli strains showed the highest resistance pattern towards IMI which put through alarming situation in Pakistan. Significant results showed that TZP, AK, and F were found sensitive in vitro against E. coli isolates of UTIs. Prevalence of MDR uropathogens near around Multan has been first time documented in this study with respect to possible risk factors associated with UTI. These alarming signs of MDR E. coli have been rarely addressed and warrant attention on urgent basis.
Anemia is a pathological condition characterized by a reduction in the mass of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin. Anemia affects one-third of the world's population, with iron deficiency accounting for half of the cases. It's a major global public health problem that has an effect on maternal and child mortality, physical fitness, and referral to health-care providers. Underweight children have a greater prevalence of anemia, which can produce long-term developmental outcomes. Particular risk is presented by children 0-5 years, child-bearing mothers and pregnant women. Efforts to avoid anemia should concentrate on improving current supplementary iron and folate programs and on preventing folate and vitamin B12 anemia deficiency. In this review biological mechanism and condition of anemia development has been discussed. A further study is necessary to examine the function of additional nutrient deficits, the contribution of infectious and chronic illnesses in some populations, and the significance of hereditary hemoglobin disorders.
Autism spectrum is a disorder of cognitive deficiency and repetitive-sensory functionality and behavior. Due to uncertain diagnosis on the base of biomarker, it could be diagnosed on the base of clinical presentation for example irritable behavior towards social circle, and tendency of being isolate themselves along with speech problems and diminished interest in daily activities of life. ASD prevalence has been noticed high in male than females. There are about 350,000 autistic patients in Pakistan. Early screening and social awareness are the most controlled way to overcome the severity of disorder. Among the risk factor of maternal pathology, pollution and use of drugs, diet lacked mainly in zinc and other micro nutrients during phase of pregnancy play important role to affect the fetus brain function and structure. Autistic child being deficient in zinc nutrient affects their dietary choices in a way that their taste buds and olfactory sense don’t function well in food selection that is highly depend on zinc function in body result in malnutrition in the ASD children. This behavior shows a strong relation between high zinc diet and control of Autism symptoms. Ketogenic diet, gluten and casein free diets might be beneficial in autism according to some studies. Zinc, being the utmostrich trace metal in brain and is very crucial for neurodevelopment and pathological process of autism. SHANK proteins are principal scaffolding proteins and are vital for synthesis and function of synapses. The mutation in shank genes result in impairment of nerve transmission in autism patients. Zinc level is associated with optimal functioning of shank proteins and its deficiency may lead to inactivation of these proteins. In this review, we have discussed the regulation of SHANK 3 and its activation which are zinc dependent and result the elevated synaptic transmission.
Comparison between uses of antibiotics as opposed to no antibiotics in clean episiotomy. International Journal of Contemporary Medicine Surgery and Radiology. 2019;4(4):D168-D171. 7 women (1.4%) were having discharge/pus coming out of the wound and 5 patients (1.0%) were having gaped wound. Conclusion: Short term antimicrobial prophylaxis regimen does not possess significant role in preventing clean surgical wound infection role working condition in respect to environment, i.e standard of labour suite, operation theater, expertise and aseptic measures should be improved to achieve better results
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