Development and design of agents derived from natural sources with neuroprotective properties have received considerable attention. In the literature, it has been stated that these polyphenolic molecules have low adverse impacts and high efficacy when used in pathological conditions. Dietary flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols are bioactive products, extracted from several types of vegetables and fruits. Luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone, LUT) is a widespread flavone known to have antioxidant and cytoprotective properties related to nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-(Nrf2) pathway. Extensive in vitro and in vivo investigations have indicated that LUT exhibits beneficial neuroprotective properties via different mechanisms. However, its psychopharmacological mechanisms are presently investigated in fewer studies. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective impacts of LUT against central nervous system (CNS) disorders by reviewing available literature. Herein, we also reviewed the studies to understand the underlying mechanisms of LUT for curing CNS disorders.
Background: During hypoxia, the increased production of reactive oxygen species occurs during the re-oxygenation phase of periodic continuous hypobaric hypoxia. Objectives: In this study, we surveyed the effect of supplementary flaxseed (Fx) on oxidative damage to the hippocampus of the hypoxic rat model. Methods: In this study, 24 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided and studied in four groups: (1) The control group with normal oxygen and food (Co.), (2) The sham group placed in a hypoxia chamber with normal oxygen and food (Sh.), (3) Hypoxia induction group with normal food (Hx), and (4) Hypoxia induction group with 10% Fx food (Hx + Fx). Both the Hx and Hx + Fx groups were kept in a hypoxic chamber for 30 days while the atmospheric pressure was reduced (oxygen 8%, nitrogen 92%) for four hours daily. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were evaluated in the hippocampus region of the brain tissue. Neuronal damage was examined using histological studies. Blood samples were collected to measure interleukin-18 (IL-18). Results: A significant increase was recorded in the IL-18 level and hippocampal dark neurons of the CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) areas in the Hx group as compared to Co. and Sh. groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease was noted in the dark neurons in the Hx + Fx group as compared to the Hx group (P < 0.05). A significant increase was observed in the TAC concentration in the Hx + Fx group in comparison with the Co., Sh., and Hx groups (P < 0.05), while a significant increase was observed in the MDA concentration in the Hx group as compared to the Co. and Sh. groups and a significant decrease in the Hx + Fx group as compared to the Hx group (P < 0.05).
Conclusions:This study suggested that the consumption of flaxseed could be a useful strategy for preventing the harmful effect of hypoxia on the hippocampus of the rat brain.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to predict the gender among Iranian population by determining the facial and nasal indices.
Methods: Four hundred healthy individuals including 200 males and 200 females (age range of 20-25 years) with normal craniofacial configuration took part in the present study. Facial and nasal variables including facial length (FL), facial width (FW), facial index (FI), nasal length (NL), nasal height (NH), nasal width (NW), and nasal index (NI) measured and SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis.
Results: The mean age was 22.16±2.44 years. The mean FL, FW, FI, NL, NW, and NI were 11.53±0.592 cm, 12.54±1.41 cm, 92.67±6.24 cm, 6.02±0.53 cm, 2.78±0.25 cm, and 90.79±8.22 cm, respectively. There were significant differences in the mean value of all nasofacial parameters (P<0.05). The most prominent face and nose types were hyperleptoprosopic (46%) and platyrrhine (57.75%) among Iranian population. The highest sensitivity and specificity to predict the gender dimorphism were related to FL and FW (.990 and 0.97) and (.970 and 0.94), respectively.
Conclusion: Nasofacial parameters such as FL and FW that are able to sexual dimorphism with high sensitivity and specificity can be helpful in forensic medicine. Also, the nasofacial parameters are useful in in reconstructive, and aesthetic surgeries.
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