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Purpose: This study is aims to analyze relationships among population, resident income, fiscal characteristics, and operating expenses in Korean local governments through investigating factors that affect operating expenses for managing local governments. Design/methodology/approach: To examine the factors affecting operating expenses, this study utilizes research framework using key determinants of budget execution in terms of operating expenses with the political market approach. For doing so, this study conducts panel regression analysis using 226 Korean local governments' empirical data during FY2016-FY2020. Findings: Analytical results show that population and fiscal factors of local governments do not explain a size of operating expenses; moreover, it reveals that local governments with a small population and fiscal size tend to spend more operating expenses. Research limitations/implications: Tis study is initiated based on the hypothesis that decrease of population would lead to decline demands for public goods and public services, which reduce the number of public goods and public services, and it would finally cause the reduction of local governments' operating expenses. However, this study has a limitation regarding to restricting the period of data since FY2016. Originality/value: Despite the above limitation, this study reveals that population variables and fiscal variables do not explain a size of operating expenses of Korean local governments. Rather, the analytical result shows that local governments with a small population and fiscal size spend more operating expenses. Therefore, this study suggests that it pays more attention to improving efficiency of organizational operation of local governments in the future.

<p>This paper presents analysis and construction method of the Sorok (self-anchored suspension) bridge that is currently under construction in the Sorok Island, CheonllaNamdo, Korea and expected to be completed in 2008. To find the optimum initial equilibrium condition of self- anchored suspension bridge, the force of main cable and hanger are developed together with minimizing vertical camber of stiffening girder. Erection stage analyses are carried out for both hanger-pulling method and girder jack-down method to find out the more effective one which ensure the erection stability and cost efficiency. Hanger-pulling method is adopted as the erection scheme of suspension system as a result of the study. Various measurement results at site show that analysis results are well matched up with bridge deformation and girder profile during construction and at ist final stage and have a good correspondence with the original design profile</p>