In this study, the physiological basis for antagonism induced by mixtures of quizalofop-ethyl and bromoxynil was investigated in maize seedlings. In sequential applications, antagonism was observed when bromoxynil was applied before quizalofop-ethyl or in a mixture with quizalofop-ethyl, but was minimal when bromoxynil was applied afterwards. The degree of antagonism differed with application rates of bromoxynil and with the timing of the treatment. When test herbicides were applied locally to the second leaf, the inhibition of photosystem II (PS-II) in the herbicide-treated leaf was higher with the mixture than with bromoxynil or quizalofop-ethyl alone. Subsequent growth of the untreated third leaf inhibited by quizalofop-ethyl alone then recovered, depending on the dose of bromoxynil. There was no evidence that bromoxynil affected absorption of quizalofop-ethyl. In local applications at different positions on the second leaf, antagonism was only observed when quizalofopethyl was applied to the distal part of the leaf and bromoxynil applied to the proximal part. The antagonism of bromoxynil + quizalofop-ethyl did not occur at the level of acetyl CoA carboxylase and Hill reaction, as revealed by in vitro assays. These results suggest that bromoxynil inhibits the phloem transport of quizalofopethyl and thus antagonises its whole-plant activity in maize.
BACKGROUND: Accurate estimates of total direct CH 4 emissions from croplands on a country scale are important for global budgets of anthropogenic sources of CH 4 emissions and for the development of effective mitigation strategies. Methane production resulted by the anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds where CO 2 acts as inorganic electron acceptor. This process could be affected by the addition of rice straw, water management and rice variety itself. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica type, var Samkwangbyeo) was cultivated in four plots: (1) Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium (NPK) (N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O:90-45-57 kg/ha); (2) NPK plus 3 Mg/ha rice straw (RS3); (3) NPK plus 5 Mg/ha rice straw (RS5); (4) NPK plus 7 Mg/ha rice straw (RS7) for 3 years (2010)(2011)(2012) and the rice straw incorporated in fall (Nov.) in Gyeonggi-do Hwaseong-si. Gas samples were collected using the closed static chamber which were installed in each treated plot of 152.9 m
Gawagi1' is an early maturing, low amylose rice variety with a medium to short culm, developed by Gyeonggi-Do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, Korea in 2016. 'Gawagi1' was derived from the cross between 'Baegjinju' and 'Sangmibyeo' in 2004. Heading date was 4th of August 15 day earlier than 'Baegjinju' in Gyeonggido. The culm length was 67 cm. It had 15 panicles per hill and 104 spikelets per panicle. It is a medium-grain variety whose 1,000 grains weight of brown rice is 19.3 g. The protein content of milled rice was 6.3%, which is higher than that of 'Baegjinju' and its amylose content was 8.2% which is lower than that of 'Baegjinju'. Its milling ratio is 75.5%, which is higher than that of 'Baegjinju'. The yield of milled rice was 4.99 MT/ha under the standard cultivation practices at the local adaptability tests in 3 regions from 2014 to 2016. 'Gawagi1' is highly adaptable to Gyeonggido, especially to the northern region of Han River. (Registration No. 7280)
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.