Generally, there were no significant differences in recurrence rates according to clinical stage or surgical approach. Given the rate of delayed recurrence, follow-up of >3 years is required. Moreover, surgeons should always consider combined approaches to reduce the chances of recurrence.

Endoscopic surgery for advanced ONB showed successful survival results compared with nonendoscopic surgery on multivariate analysis, and limited morbidities. Modified Kadish classification best predicted DFS for ONB. Long-term follow-up is necessary due to its late recurrence.

Here, we studied the IFN-regulated innate immune response against influenza A virus (IAV) infection in the mouse lung and the therapeutic effect of IFN-λ2/3 in acute IAV lung infection. For viral infections, IAV (WS/33, H1N1, PR8 H1N1, H5N1) were inoculated into wild-type mice by intranasal delivery, and IAV mRNA level and viral titer were measured. To compare the antiviral effect of IFNs in vivo in the lung, neutralizing antibodies and recombinant IFNs were used. After intranasal inoculation of IAV into mice, viral infection peaked at 7 days postinfection, and the IAV titer also reached its peak at this time. We found that IFN-β and IFN-λ2/3 were preferentially induced after IAV infection and the IFN-λ2/3-mediated innate immune response was specifically required for the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) transcription in the mouse respiratory tract. Neutralization of secreted IFN-λ2/3 aggravated acute IAV lung infection in mice with intact IFN-β induction; consistent with this finding, the transcription of ISGs was significantly reduced. Intranasal administration of IFN-λ2/3 significantly suppressed various strains of IAV infection, including WS/33 (H1N1), PR (H1N1), and H5N1 in the mouse lung, and was accompanied by greater up-regulation of ISGs. Taken together, our data indicate that the IFN-λ2/3-mediated innate immune response is necessary to protect the lungs from IAV infection, and intranasally delivered IFN-λ2/3 has the potential to be a useful therapeutic strategy for treating acute IAV lung infection.

When sleep posture is changed from supine to lateral, obstruction due to structures such as tongue base and larynx improves dramatically. Obstruction in lateral position is mostly due to obstruction at the oropharyngeal LWs. Therefore, position dependency is mostly determined by LW collapsibility. Evaluating the changes of the upper airway according to sleep position can further characterize the upper airway collapsibility and can be used for tailored treatment planning.

This study describes the normative distribution of frontal recess cells in a nondiseased population according to IFAC and demonstrates favorable interrater reliability of the classification system.

An endoscopic-including surgical approach was associated with improved local control and survival in sinonasal malignant melanoma patients. Postoperative radiotherapy helped increase the local control rate.

No abstract

Revision rhinoplasty is increasing in the Asian population. We present causes of revision rhinoplasty in Asians, introduce operative techniques, report surgical results, and make implications for ways to assist in their prevention. During a period of 3 years, 52 patients (among 623 rhinoplasties) who had undergone revision rhinoplasty with at least 1 year follow-up were included in this study. A retrospective review was performed using chart review, graphic operation records, pre- and postoperative photographs. Outcome was determined by subjective assessment of 2 blinded rhinoplasty surgeons. The patients were classified into 2 groups; revision because of alloplastic implant-related problems (33 cases) and revision unrelated to alloplastic implants (19 cases). The most common reason for revision in the alloplastic implant-related group was deviation of the implant, followed by implant extrusion, foreign body reaction, and infection. Reasons for revision in the alloplastic implant-unrelated group included upper two-thirds problems in 12 cases, and tip problems in 7. Autologous cartilage was used in the majority of revision cases. Subjective evaluation of postoperative results were good in 29 (69%), fair in 10 (24%), and poor in 3 (7%). Revision rhinoplasty in Asians was most commonly associated with alloplastic implants. Proper and judicious use of alloplastic implants is important to reduce the chances for revision surgery in Asians.