INTERCULTURAL TYPES OF IDENTITY – BETWEEN INTEGRATION AND ASSIMILATIONThe article is an atempt to systematise dominating approaches in sociology and cultural studies how to describe relations present in societies – today becoming to much lesser extent monoethnic. The cultural, national, ethnic, religious or linguistic diversity constitute exemples of areas where the diverse elements are present. Assimilation, accommodation, integration or separation are a start point in the study on contemporary intercultural identity types.
Artykuł jest próbą rekonstrukcji brazylijskiej tożsamości kulturowej. Jest to złożony, subiektywny system identyfikacji obejmujący elementy afrykańskiego mistycyzmu, indiańskiej duchowości i europejskiego racjonalizmu. Stanowi syndrom różnych wierzeń, tradycji rasowych i etnicznych, oparty na synkretycznym i hybrydalnym porządku społecznym i ładzie kulturowym. W brazylijskiej tożsamości bliskim modelu „tęczy” zlewają się ze sobą i przenikają wzajemnie różnorodne elementy o kolonialnym i imigracyjnym rodowodzie, scalone w obywatelsko-narodowe poczucie jedności.
Intercultural dialogue in pluralistic societies Multiculturalism is the wide social and ideological context for the transcultural and cross cultural relations. The model of intercultural dialogue is an essence of fundamental patterns creating common two direction interactions not only in the symbolic sphere but as well in the field of political and economical bonds among different cultural groups. Intercultural dialogue as the consequence of pluralism in the multicultural societies is not only the form of intercultural communication, it serves also as a structural model of building the citizen democratic society. This model can exist within the appropriate forms of cultural orientations and identi-ties among members multicultural societies. The paper is dealing with the main rules and factors characterizing theoretical model of intercultural dialogue.
DOES IT MAKE SENSE TO DEBATE THE ESSENCE OF CULTURAL STUDIES?The article raises a number of questions regarding the purpose of developing new approaches in research on culture. One of them is provided by cultural studies. The rapidly changing reality due to globalisation processes, high technologies and modern forms of communications, inter alia, has forced us to modify and work out new forms of description. New cultural studies constitute, on the one hand, opposition to traditional cultural sciences, while, on the other hand, becoming complementary in the areas in which the traditional approach has proved to be insufficient with its methodological, epistemological, axiological or terminological resources.
Model Multiculturalities. A Critical Approach The article includes an overview of the factors and reasons for the crisis of ideology and multicultural policy. This crisis is reflected in the concepts and theories describing and explaining the mechanisms and processes of shaping multicultural civil societies. The consequence of this tendency is the growing criticism of the existing models of integration, assimilation and cultural pluralism, undertaken by supporters of populist, nationalistic and conservative concepts. The article focuses mainly on the characteristics of the negative consequences of migration, transculturation and cultural universalization. The article also aims to put forward preliminary general theses on the grounds of criticism of scientific models of multiculturalism.
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