Zarys treści. Europejska Konwencja Krajobrazowa -najważniejszy dokument Komisji Europejskiej dotyczący ochrony i kształtowania krajobrazu, zobowiązała wszystkie ratyfikujące ją strony do: zidentyfikowania swoich krajobrazów na całym terytorium kraju; przeanalizowania ich charakterystyk oraz przekształcających je sił i presji; dokonania oceny tak zidentyfikowanych krajobrazów.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przegląd teoretyczno-metodycznych założeń dotychczasowych typologicznych podziałów krajobrazów w różnym stopniu przekształcanych przez człowieka i na tym tle prezentacja autorskiej koncepcji typologii krajobrazów aktualnych, obejmujących łącznie tzw. krajobrazy "przyrodnicze" i "kulturowe" występujące obecnie w Polsce.Przedstawiona propozycja jest rozwinięciem jednego z nurtów prac nad ogólnopolskim projektem "Identyfikacja i ocena krajobrazów -metodyka oraz główne założenia". Proponowana klasyfikacja oparta jest na dwóch głównych grupach kryteriów: (1) skali antropogenicznego przekształcenia krajobrazu; (2) dominacji określonych form pokrycia oraz struktury i intensywności zagospodarowania terenu. W sumie, na podstawie analizy obecnego zróżnicowania krajobrazów Polski, wyróżniono 3 grupy, 15 typów oraz 49 podtypów krajobrazów aktualnych. Przewidziano także możliwość wyodrębniania czwartego, najbardziej szczegółowego poziomu klasyfikacji -tj. form krajobrazów. Typologia ta może i powinna znaleźć zastosowanie podczas realizacji audytu krajobrazowego, do wykonania którego zobowiązuje uchwalona w 2015 r. tzw. "Ustawa Krajobrazowa".
Natura 2000 sites are expected to assure the long-term survival of Europe's most valuable and threatened species and habitats. It follows that successful management of the sites is of great importance. Next to goal attainment, cost-effectiveness is increasingly recognised as a key requirement for gaining social and political acceptance for costly conservation measures. We identify and qualitatively examine issues of cost-effectiveness related to the design and implementation of management measures in Natura 2000 sites in Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and Poland. Given the wide variety of management design and implementation options within the four countries, our study is purely of an
123Biodivers Conserv (2010) 19:2053-2069 DOI 10.1007 exploratory nature. We derive recommendations for improving the cost-effectiveness of management in Natura 2000 sites and for future research. Examples of policy recommendations include guaranteeing the availability of funds for longer periods, and ensuring the appropriate allocation of funds between the different tasks of designing and implementing management plans. Further research should examine the cost-effectiveness of controversial suggestions such as, for example, more tailored payment schemes for conservation measures that result in higher ecological outputs but are costly to administer. Moreover, more research is needed to better understand how rules for administrations, as well as rules and governance structures for tasks within administrations, should be designed.
The European Landscape Convention (2000) obligates European Union countries to identify and implement landscape quality objectives (LQOs) understood as the specification of public expectations and preferences concerning the landscape of a given area, expressed by competent public authorities. The convention emphasizes the important role of local community representatives in this field. In Poland, the implementation of the LQO concept was first undertaken in two regions with radically different landscape characteristics: (1) the West Polesie Biosphere Reserve and (2) the selected protected areas of the Roztocze–Solska Forest, nominated to the rank of a biosphere reserve. The first stage of the presented study was the recognition of public opinion on the quality of key features of landscape, based on a questionnaire (n = 470). The primary objective of the study was to provide an answer to the following questions: (1) Whether similar social expectations regarding landscape quality exist in spite of radically different landscape characteristics of the regions investigated (landscape quality is understood as spatial arrangement, scenic beauty, and lack of environmental pollution); (2) which landscape features are considered to be most preservation worthy by the representatives of both local communities; and (3) What processes or development impacts pose the greatest threat to the landscape quality of both regions according to the public opinion? The conducted comparative assessment revealed that it is possible to define a set of features fundamental to the quality of both areas and that representatives of local communities pointed out the same threats to the natural and cultural values of both regions investigated.
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