Immuno compromised patients showed high rate of seropositivity and thus, it is highly advisable to introduce routine anti-T. gondii antibodies serological screening test prior to ART commencement.

Wetlands are the ecosystems that are found on the interface between land and water. It is also areas of marsh, ponds and swamps, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water, that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salty, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide, does not exceed six meters. Although, wetlands by nature are dynamic ecosystems, anthropogenic activities continuously changing the land uses in and around wetlands speed up the ecological changes in wetlands. Ethiopia exhibits a wide range of geologic formations and climatic conditions which create numerous wetland ecosystems including 12 rivers, eight major lakes and many swamps and floodplains. It is found on every agro-ecological zones from alpine (high mountains) to desert ecosystem in the low-lying regions and across all traditional climatic zones. Riverine wetlands are other common types of wetlands throughout the country. Based on scattered information, the total wetlands coverage of Ethiopia is approximately 2% (22,600 km 2 ). This, wetlands provide natural resources and services for humanity. They are a source of food, tourism, cultural resources, flood control and improved water quality. They are also important for biodiversity and wildlife conservation. However, there are numerous threats to wetlands in developing countries including Ethiopia. Ethiopian wetlands are increasingly being lost or altered by unregulated over utilization, including water diversion for agricultural intensification, urbanization, dam construction, population pressures, food shortages, increased drainage and cultivation, collection of sedges and reeds for roofing and housing. The consequences of wetland loss and degradation in Ethiopia are enormous and directly affecting the livelihood base of rural communities. The change of wetlands has created numerous problems including decrease and extinction of wild flora and fauna, loss of natural soil nutrients, water reservoirs and of their subsequent benefits. They have affected various traditional occupations, socioeconomic conditions and cultural activities. Therefore, it needs intensive research and development works by different stakeholders and needs policy attention from the government to provide enabling environment for sustainable wetland management.

Application of biochar to soil can improve numerous physicochemical and biological properties of the soil. The method for lead metal (Pb) remediation in soil is a challenge worldwide. The excessive Pb accumulation in the soil can radically reduce the soil quality and fertility. This study was conducted to find out the efficiency of biochar in improving the physicochemical properties of soil and to evaluate its effect on Pb availability in a military camp soil. Soil sample was collected from military camp of Jimma town, southwestern Ethiopia and was incubated for 90 days with different application rates (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 t/ha) of biochar. The results showed that the addition of biochar improved, pH, electric conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), exchangeable cations and available phosphorous of the soil and had no significant effect on soil texture. Sequential extraction of Pb showed that at 15 t/ha (4.2 g/kg) application of biochar, the exchangeable form of Pb significantly transformed the carbonate bound, Fe/Mn oxide bound, organic bound and residual fractions to 66.79, 100.5, 112.7 and 112.1 mg/kg, which is reduced by 88.6, 88.9, 88.5 and 88.3%, respectively as compared to the control. It is concluded that the application of biochar could not only improve physicochemical properties of the soil but also stabilize Pb in a military camp soil.

This review aims to compile the past, present and future trends of participatory small-scale irrigation schemes (PSSIS) and small-scale rainwater harvesting technology (SSRWHT) development to ensure household food security in Ethiopia. It discusses the Ethiopian PSSIS and SSRWHT development based on the historical backgrounds, current conditions of development and its contributions to the national economy, challenges and opportunities, and future development perspectives. PSSIS and SSRWHT development has been suggested to be a central key part in curbing food scarcity and alleviating poverty not only in water scarce regions of the Ethiopia but also in many other developing countries. Government, donors and NGOs are investing in developing irrigation systems, especially on PSSIS and SSRWHT. Still irrigated land is 5 to 10% of 5.3 million hectares of irrigated potential area of country. This review indicates that, the existing current performance of PSSIS and SSRWHT development in Ethiopia is not significantly contributing to national economy of the country, when compared to rain-fed agriculture. Accordingly, irrigation sub-sector is not contributing its share based on the resources potential of the country. There is no consistent and reliable inventory data, lacks agreed reports in common consensus and well-studied and documented with regards to water and irrigations related potentials and implementations of PSSIS and SSRWHT development in the country.

Abstract:The objective of this study was to assess the effects of recurrent effluent outfall from conventional wet washed coffee refineries (CWCR) on environmental flows (Eflows) based on the physicochemical parameters & benthos assemblages as biological indicators. The experiment was done using complete randomized design (CRD) with 3 composite replicates at each 24 sampling sites of 4 river water basins. Six sampling sites were selected for physico-chemical & 2 sampling sites were selected for benthos assemblages samples along each 4 river basin. Data analyses were performed by different statistical analyses such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS 9.2 and Minitab 16.0 software. Results of physicochemical parameters with biological revealed that there is highly significant effect between 4 Eflows & among 24 sites at (p<0.05). Characteristics of effluent outfall from CWCR has a BOD of up to 2993 mg/L and a COD of up to 2867 mg/L as well as the acidity of pH below 3. These results can lead to depletion of DO and a decrease in pH (due to fermentation of organic matter) may hamper the sustainability of water bodies, which can kill off virtually all aquatic life. Except pH and DO, the other physico-chemical parameters exhibited that they were negative correlation with benthos assemblages. The results suggest that Eflows status of DS 2 were depredation by effluent outfall from the conventional wet coffee refineries as compared to UPS. Therefore, face urgent intervention in the area of coffee refinery for effluent management and well designed treatment technologies (lagoons) for coffee waste treatment is highly recommended.

Among baboon species, Papio anubis is the most broadly distributed species, ranging through most of central sub-Saharan of Africa. Papio anubis live in troops but the size varies in different area. There are three troops of P. anubis in Trigni forest with 149 to 180 members in each troop. The objective was to assess the abundance of Anubis baboon (AB) and their conflict with humans with respect to the livelihood of local farmers in Trigni forest of Gida Ayana district, Western Ethiopia. Counting was conducted early morning at 6:00 to 7:00 am and late afternoon at 5:00 to 6:00 pm when the baboons were at the site of their sleeping. Six trained data collators were arranged during census of AB. These six data collators were divided into three sites (Harawa, Gendo, and Kotam cliffs). To increase accuracy and minimize error, counting was also done when the baboons left their sleeping site and went to foraging area, and in the afternoon when AB return to their sleeping site. Population count was carried out three times during each dry and wet season. For the human-anubis baboon conflict (HABC) assessment, participatory techniques were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, using SPSS version 20. The dry and wet populations of AB were 484 and 511, respectively. The distance of farmland from forest edge and problems of HABC were directly correlated. Results showed that AB is physically strong enough to attack livestock. About 62.9% of the respondents indicated that they lost their livestock by AB during 2015/2016. Most of the respondents reported that they rely on dogs and children to protect AB from raiding crops and this require time and energy. The majority (78.5%) of the respondents strongly agree that habitat disturbance is the main cause of HABC in the study area. More than 93.1% of the livelihood of local farmers of Gute Gudina kebele, adjacent to the forest reserve was affected by conflict between humans and AB. AB spent most of their time along the road and entered the agricultural fields. They can also attack and injure humans especially females and babies if provoked. Therefore, leaving sufficient buffer zones between crop productions and forest that allow free movements of AB and avoid high guarding investments (easy for guarding) is recommended.