This paper describes a series of experiments performed to study the explosion characteristics of propanol isomer (1-propanol and 2-propanol)–air binary mixtures. The experiments were conducted in two different experimental arrangements—a 0.02 m3 oil-heated spherical vessel and a 1.00 m3 electro-heated spherical vessel—for different equivalence ratios between 0.3 and 1.7, and initial temperatures of 50, 100, and 150 °C. More than 150 pressure–time curves were recorded. The effects of temperature and test vessel volume on various explosion characteristics, such as the maximum explosion pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, deflagration index, and the lower and upper explosion limits were investigated and the results were further compared with the results available in literature for other alcohols, namely methanol, ethanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol. The most important results from evaluated experiments are the values of deflagration index 89–98 bar·m/s for 2-propanol and 105–108 bar·m/s for 1-propanol/2-propanol–air mixtures. These values are used to describe the effect of isomer blends on a deflagration process and to rate the effects of an explosion.
Local measurements of concentrations of O2, CO2, CO, NO and SO2 were carried out inside the 235 MWe circulating fluidized bed boiler no. 3 Turow power plant. The combustion chamber had a cross-sectional area of 21.1 × 9.9 m2 and a height of 43 m. Water-cooled probes with a length of 4.7 m were used to take samples from inside the boiler. 20 ports in 5 different heights were used to introduce the probes. The penetration depth inside the boiler was up to 3 m. The sampled gas was led to online analyzers. Even though the number of ports and the penetration length was not sufficient to get a full 3-D mapping of the concentrations the measured horizontal and vertical gas concentration profiles of NO, CO, CO2, O2 and SO2 clearly indicate a core/annulus structure with a wall layer thickness of about 0.5–1 m. Significant differences are observed between gas concentrations near the front wall and those near the rear wall which indicate an uneven distribution of fuel. One consequence is the formation of plumes with high concentrations of CO, NO, CO2 and SO2 near the front wall which extend up to the exit region. The fact that nevertheless the stack emissions are still below the legal limits may be attributed to the excellent performance of the cyclones as gas mixers and post combustion reactors.
The
aim of this study was to determine the operating parameters
of bioethanol burners used in the so-called bioethanol fireplaces,
mainly in terms of their actual heat output. The method used to determine
the actual heat output was designed considering procedures from the
standard EN 16647 fireplaces for liquid fuel. Experiments were carried
out on eight different types of burners with two different types of
fuels. The measurements demonstrated a difference of up to 19% in
the maximal heat output among individual fuels and a difference of
up to 16% in the average heat output when comparing identical burners
over approximately 60 min of operation. The average heat outputs of
the burners during the measurements reached approximately 41–62%
of the heat output declared by the manufacturers. The measured values
were used to create graphs of the dependency of the burner opening
size on its average heat output based on the fuel type. Two-chambered
burners reached a higher average heat output than single-chambered
burners with the same burner opening area of above ∼6000 mm2. The positions of the regulation damper (75 and 50%) increased
the burning time by 21 and 86%, respectively.
There are several published studies evaluating the possibilities of thermal and non-thermal utilization of pistachio hard shells in many technical sectors; however, there are no relevant data about the possibilities of usage of this homogenous biomass-based by-product as a fuel for automatic household heating appliances for partial or full substitution of standard ENplus A1 pellets, which is the aim of the presented study. The composition and basic properties of both fuels were compared as well as the flue gas composition formed during the 6 different fuel mixture combustion in two real-scale pellet burners. The mass concentration of observed pollutants (CO, total suspended particles, and C3H8) in the flue gas was strongly affected by increasing of pistachio shell mass fraction in the fuel mixture (from 10 to 100%). In comparison to the combustion of ENplus A1 pellets, CO was increased up to 25.9 times, total suspended particles up to 15.3 times, and C3H8 up to 13.7 times. Based on the results of real combustion tests, the equations were listed, describing the increase of the mass concentration of pollutants for the whole spectrum of pellets/pistachio shell ratios applied on the chosen designs of the pellet burners. The Pt-based oxidation honeycomb catalyst, additionally installed at the combustion unit outlets for flue gas purification, showed conversion rates up to 82.2% in the case of CO and up to 33.1% in the case of C3H8. This enables the reaching of the same or lower mass concentrations of mentioned pollutants in the flue gas, formed during the co-combustion of appropriately selected fuel ratios in comparison to ENplus A1 pellet combustion without the catalyst.
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