Rice-rice system and rice fallows are no longer productive in Southeast Asia. Crop and varietal diversification of the rice based cropping systems may improve the productivity and profitability of the systems. Diversification is also a viable option to mitigate the risk of climate change. In Eastern India, farmers cultivate rice during rainy season (June–September) and land leftovers fallow after rice harvest in the post-rainy season (November–May) due to lack of sufficient rainfall or irrigation amenities. However, in lowland areas, sufficient residual soil moistures are available in rice fallow in the post-rainy season (November–March), which can be utilized for raising second crops in the region. Implementation of suitable crop/varietal diversification is thus very much vital to achieve this objective. To assess the yield performance of rice varieties under timely and late sown conditions and to evaluate the performance of dry season crops following them, three different duration rice cultivars were transplanted in July and August. In dry season several non-rice crops were sown in rice fallow to constitute a cropping system. The results revealed that tiller occurrence, biomass accumulation, dry matter remobilization, crop growth rate, and ultimately yield were significantly decreased under late transplanting. On an average, around 30% yield reduction obtained under late sowing may be due to low temperature stress and high rainfall at reproductive stages of the crop. Dry season crops following short duration rice cultivars performed better in terms of grain yield. In the dry season, toria was profitable when sown earlier and if sowing was delayed greengram was suitable. Highest system productivity and profitability under timely sown rice may be due to higher dry matter remobilization from source to sink. A significant correlation was observed between biomass production and grain yield. We infer that late transplanting decrease the tiller occurrence and assimilate remobilization efficiency, which may be responsible for the reduced grain yield.
Inadequate nutrient management is one of the major challenges for sustainable soybean production in semi-arid climatic conditions. Hence, a 3-year (2015–2017) field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of foliar application of macro- and micronutrients on the growth, productivity, and profitability of soybean. Eight foliar nutrient sprays at the pod initiation stage—water spray (WS), 2% urea solution, 2% di-ammonium phosphate solution (DAP2%), 0.5% muriate of potash solution (MOP0.5%), 2% solution of 19:19:19 nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK2%), and a 0.5% solution each of molybdenum (Mo0.5%), boron (B0.5%), chelated-zinc (Zn 0.5%) and no-foliar nutrition (NFN)—were compared with a basal-applied recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF: 30 kg N, 75 kg P, and 40 kg K ha−1) in a randomized block design (RBD), replicated three times. Foliar-applied chelated Zn@0.5% (Zn0.5%) at the pod initiation stage resulted in more pods per plants. In addition to Zn0.5%, urea2%, NPK2%, and B0.5% significantly improved the pods per plant over treatment by no-foliar nutrition (NFN). The RDF-supplied soybean subsequently sprayed with Zn0.5% produced the highest seed yield, which was 18.5–37.8% higher than that of NFN treatment Yield improvement due to the application of B0.5%, DAP2%, and urea2% varied between 19.2–23.7, 16.6–20.4 and 18.6–20%, respectively. Foliar nutrition showed the largest net returns from Zn0.5%. The water-use efficiency (WUE) and production efficiency increased by 18.4–37.6 and 34.9–37.5%, respectively, due to Zn0.5% over the efficiencies from NFN treatment. Monetary efficiency (ME) gains due to Zn0.5% were 24% higher, while ME efficiency gains due to urea2%, NPK2%, and B0.5% varied between 15–16%. Thus, this study suggested that the foliar application of 0.5% Zn and B, urea, NPK fertilizer, and DAP at 2%, along with RDF. is a profitable nutrient management option for quality soybean production in a semiarid region. However, nutrient partitioning, changes in soil chemical and biological indicators, and environmental aspects need critical examination in future studies.
A field experiment was carried out during the rainy (kharif) season of 2001 at the experimental farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, to study the effect of date of transplanting and nitrogen on yield attributes, yields, nutrient accumulation and nitrogen use efficiencies in hybrid and non-hybrid aromatic rice. The experiment consisted of 9 treatments with 2 varieties (Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Rice Hybrid 10), 3 transplanting dates (3, 10 and 17 July, 2001) and 4 nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1). Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 had significantly higher values of yield attributes (panicles hill-1, panicle weight, spikelets panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1, 1000-grain weight), yields and nutrient accumulation than the non-hybrid Pusa Basmati 1. There were significant reductions in yield attributes, yields and nutrient accumulation after delayed transplanting. Timely transplanting on 3 July led to 8.4 and 19.1% higher grain yield than transplanting on 10 and 17 July, respectively. Successive nitrogen levels had a significant effect on yield attributes (except 1000-grain weight), yields and nutrient accumulation up to 120 kg N ha-1. The maximum grain yield (5.87 t ha-1) was recorded at the highest level of N nutrition (180 kg Nha-1) and was 4.2, 15.5 and 39.3% higher than in the 120 kg, 60 kg N ha-1 and control treatments, respectively. Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 also had significantly higher values of agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) (12.5 kg grain kg-1 N applied), apparent nitrogen recovery (27.4%), physiological NUE (44.2 kg grain kg-1 N uptake), N harvest index (62.7%), N efficiency ratio (119.6 kg dry matter kg-1 N uptake) and physiological efficiency index of nitrogen (47.4 kg grain kg-1 N uptake) than non-hybrid Pusa Basmati 1.
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