Lipoglycopeptide antibiotics are semi-synthetic derivatives of glycopeptides and are characterized by a pronounced bactericidal activity against gram-positive pathogens. The aim of the study was comparative assessment of the sensitivity of gram-positive clinical isolates to lipoglycopeptide antibiotics (telavancin, dalbavancin, oritavancin). The following isolates were included in the work: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, n=780), methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (MRCoNS, n=163), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREf, n=93). Serial dilutions were used to assess sensitivity with the addition of 0.002% polysorbate 80 to the medium. Lipoglycopeptides showed more pronounced antibacterial activity against MRSA compared to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and daptomycin, and had a MIC₅₀/MIC₉₀ (µg/ml): for telavancin — 0.06 /0.125, for dalbavancin — 0.016/0.06, and for oritavancin — 0.06/0.125. A trend towards an increase in the MIC of lipoglycopeptides and daptomycin was established in MRSA with the MIC of 2 µg/ml for vancomycin, the proportion of which was 13%. For MRCoNS, MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ of lipoglycopeptides did not exceed 0.06 µg/ml and 0.125 µg/ml, respectively. Oritavancin showed strong activity against VREf at MIC range of 0.03 µg/ml to 0.5 µg/ml, and at MIC₉₀ of 0.25 µg/ml. Thus, lipoglycopeptide antibiotics are a plausible alternative to vancomycin and daptomycin; they are characterized by pronounced activity and can be used to treat severe forms of staphylococcal infections.
The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the gut microbiota was evaluated in experiments on 47 rats with metabolic stress (MS) induced by food deprivation. MS was found to be associated with changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the caecum microbiota, including the redistribution of opportunistic flora, the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as a decreased number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Daily administration of GABA at a dose of 70 mg/kg during MS led to a decrease in the number of pathogens, thus leading to the restoration of normal eubionts in the cecum.
Variations in the basic parameters of the electrical activity of the small intestine in rats were studied using an experimental model of hypochlorhydria caused by an intragastric administration of rabeprazole for 16 days. Hypochlorhydria was found to lead to an increased duration of irregular electric activity and a reduction in the period of quiescence, which indicates an increase in uncoordinated contractions of the small intestine. A decrease in the number of migrating myoelectric complexes and, consequently, a partial suppression of propulsive peristalsis contributes to an excessive bacterial overgrowth in the proximal small intestine.
Лечение больных с осложненными абдоминальными инфекциями до сих пор остается сложной задачей, о чем свидетельствуют высокие показатели летальности. ЦеЛь иССЛеДоВАНияАнализ результатов микробиологического обследования больных с распространенным перитонитом, находившихся на лечении в хирургическом отделении стационара неотложной медицинской помощи. МАтеРиАЛ и МетоДыВ настоящей работе проведено изучение основных возбудителей распространенного перитонита у 69 пациентов (cредний возраст пациентов -64±17 лет). Причиной перитонита в абсолютном большинстве наблюдений (94%) явилась перфорация одного из отделов желудочно-кишечного тракта. Выполнено исследование различных видов клинического материала: кровь -143 пробы, моча -125 проб, бронхоальвеолярный лаваж -119 проб и 130 проб раневого отделяемого. Было выделено 260 штаммов микроорганизмов. РеЗУЛьтАты Обнаружено преобладание представителей семейства Enterobacteriaceae (K. pneumoniae и E. сoli), неферментирующих бактерий (Acinetobacter), а также возрастающая роль Enterococcus spp. и Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus и коагулазоотрицательных стафилококков). Среди выявленных возбудителей доминировали полирезистентные штаммы. ЗАК ЛючеНиеПолученные данные о структуре возбудителей осложненной абдоминальной инфекцией подтверждают общемировые тенденции. Для разработки новых методов лечения осложненной абдоминальной инфекцией одним из возможных решений может являться использование подходов микробной экологии человека.
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