18Increasing threats posed by overfishing and dams to wild migratory fish make understanding their 19 migration patterns essential. Telemetry is a useful technique for elucidating salmon behaviour, but the recovery 20 periods before fish can be safely released after the attachment of telemetry devices have not yet been 21 established. Reported recovery times vary widely, from 2 h to 13 d. We examined how anaesthesia and surgery 22 to attach external electromyogram (EMG) transmitters affected chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) recovery 23 based on three physiological parameters. Fish subjected to anaesthesia plus EMG transmitter attachment 24 (EMG group), anaesthesia only (AO group), and no handling (control) were placed in a swim tunnel. Critical 25 swimming speed (U crit ), oxygen consumption (MO 2 ), and muscle activity (EMG values) were assessed 0, 1, 6, 26 12, 24, and 30 h after treatment. The MO 2 in the EMG and AO groups was higher than in the control group 1 27 h after treatment, but the U crit and EMG values were not significantly different from the control group at any 28 other sampling time. We concluded that chum salmon had fully recovered their swimming ability by 1 h after 29 treatment and could be safely released into the natural environment. 30 31
The field of mobile communication systems has been developing in recent years, and it is expected that the communication systems will require much higher frequency devices in the future.In order to meet the above requirements, we propose the fabrication of 10 GHz range narrow gap SAW filters using the anodic oxidation technology. It is an advantage of this technology that the operating frequency of Narrow Gap Inter Digital Transducer (NG-IDT) is twice than that of the Conventional Inter Digital Transducer (C-IDT) of the same line width in the lithography pattern.We propose the fabrication of 12 GHz range NG-IDT SAW filter with an electrode width of 0.15pm. The minimum insertion loss. is less than 12 dB. We also propose the fabrication of 10 GHz range Narrow Gap Floating Electrode type Uni Directional Transducer (NG-FEUDT) SAW filter, with an electrode width of 0.15 p m , using the anodic oxidation technology. Compared with NG-IDT SAW filter, the frequency response of the NG-FEUDT filter has improved because of the reduction of the Triple Transit Echo (TTE). The minimum insertion loss of NG-FEUDT SAW filter is about 10 dB.
Controllable well-insulated gaps between electrodes can be obtained by anodic oxidation of the edges of the regions of an Al film covered by photo resist. This technique is used to fabricate surface acoustic wave narrow gap interdigital transducers (NG-IDTs) and narrow gap floating electrode type unidirectional transducers (NG-FEUDTs). Experimental results indicate that the SAW NG-IDTs and NG-FEUDTs operate in the 10GHz range and have an electrode width of less than 0.2 µm.
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