Active substances detected in surface water in Hungary today include pain and anti-inflammatory agents and antiepileptics, as wastewater treatment mechanisms cannot remove these micropollutants. The aim of our research is to detect residues of four pain-killer drugs—naproxen, nimesulide, diclofenac, and ibuprofen—and an anti-epileptic drug—carbamazepine—in water samples we collected (n = 8) from the Danube. Our samples were concentrated using solid-phase extraction and then detected with HPLC. During the evaluation, we looked for a significant difference in the concentration of the active substances. Naproxen was detectable in the largest amount in one sampling point, with an average concentration of 12,029.337 ± 1772.957 ng/L, while ibuprofen was present in the second highest concentration in another sampling site, which reached an average concentration of 4048.112 ± 2086.789 ng/L. We examined water samples taken from the same sampling sites but at different distances from the riverbank, and we found a significant difference regarding the active substance naproxen at the sampling site in Budapest District XX. The analytes were detected in varying amounts in all the water samples, so the contamination in the examined section is significant. Examining the turnover data on medicines and our results, we concluded that pharmaceutical consumption significantly contributes to the pollution of the Danube. In order to protect water quality, further research would be advisable in the field of mechanisms for wastewater treatment in order to achieve the complete removal of drug residues from wastewater.
Athletes are often exposed to extreme physical stress during training or competitions. The consequent activation of the hypothalamus–hypophysis–adrenal (HPA) axis results in intensified steroid hormone production in the adrenal cortex. We determined the impact of an acute extreme physical stress on adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis in healthy male professional athletes (n = 40). The subjects underwent an extreme physical load test until total voluntary fatigue between 14:00 and 18:00 when the hormone levels are relatively stable. Blood was taken before the start (baseline), at the peak load (peak), and 30 min following completion of the exercise (recovery). The vital parameters, lactate levels, and blood levels of the 14 steroid hormones were recorded. The multivariate statistical analysis of the results revealed that all monitored hormone levels increased upon stress. Significant changes in steroid concentrations were detected at peak versus baseline, peak versus recovery, and at baseline versus recovery. The mineralocorticoid (including aldosterone and corticosterone), glucocorticoid (11-deoxycortisol and cortisol), and androgen (androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) pathways, as well as gonadal testosterone synthesis are activated simultaneously under extreme physical load. The profiling of adrenal and gonadal steroid biosynthesis in athletes may help the characterization of their loading capacity.
Objectives: The examination of the effects of stress in university students during the exam period, compared with demographic data. MethOds: Prospective research was made in the exam period. Altogether 181 university students participated in the study, in the course of which online questionnaire were applied. In the first part of the questionnaire demographic questions were listed, while Student Nursing Stress Index (SNSI) questionnaire was applied to measure stress level. Emotions perceived in a given moment could be evaluated by the Brunel Mood Scale. In the last part of the questionnaire Marlowe-Crowne Senior Short Form Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS) was applied to evaluate behaviour desired by the society. The analysis of results was performed with SPSS 20.00 and MO Excel 2007 programs. For data analysis descriptive statistics, χ 2 -test, t-test, variance analysis and regression analysis besides the significance level p< 0,05. Results: The division of genders was 28 (15,47%) male and 153 (84,53%) female participants in the research (n= 181). The average age was 21,62±3,07 years. The measurement of stress showed that sleeping time of students can be significantly affected by stress (p< 0,001). Those whose parents are divorced reached higher points in the value of stress (p= 0,038). Stress load caused by the exams did not show significant difference between specialities (p> 0,05). In the course of the research we found that senior students experienced significantly more stress in the exam period than freshmen (p= 0,013). cOnclusiOns: As the result of the measurements it can be said that stress is continuously present in students. Besides the requirements of the university students have to cope with several other problems.Objectives: Medication non-adherence is often classified by the timing of nonadherence. Primary non-adherence is the failure to fill a newly-prescribed medication (Rx). Rx non-persistence is the failure to continue therapy after the initial fill. A recent classification − early non-persistence (ENP) − is the failure to obtain the first prescribed refill of a new Rx (single dispensation only). In this meta-analytic review, we compare the rates of ENP across studies by four moderator dimensions: (1) chronic disease class; (2) symptomatic vs. asymptomatic chronic condition; (3) length of the baseline treatment-free interval; and (4) whether ENP estimates were adjusted for Rx switches. MethOds: Fifty-eight studies that contained data on ENP were identified using a PubMed literature search and searches of each article's reference list. ENP rates were recorded for 91 distinct samples. ENP was defined as the failure to obtain the first prescribed refill within 30 days of the first-refill date. ENP rates were weighted by sample size and combined to provide pooled fixed effect size estimates for the moderator dimensions. Results: Across all samples, the overall weighted ENP rate was 23.6%. Observed difference between ENP rates by disease class were largely explained by whether the treatment focused o...
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