Blood films and other specialized examinations are arranged for. The malarial work of the Ministry of Health was afterwards augmented by the provision of a malarial laboratory and centre at Horton Mental Hospital, Epsom, on the suggestion of Lieut.-Colonel S. P. James. The primary object of this unit was to pr6vide treatment for general paralysis of the insane by induced malaria as initiated by Wagner-Jauregg of Vienna. The Board of Control, the London County Council and the authorities of Horton Hospital are closely associated with the Ministry in this work. The laboratory portion of the unit was under the control of Colonel James and afterwards under that of Lieut.-Colonel J. A. Sinton, assisted by Mr. P. G. Shute and laboratory assistants, while Dr. W. D. Nicol, medical superintendent of Horton Hospital, is in charge of the clinical side of the work. The unit further acts as a centre for the study and identification of mosquito nuisances in Great Britain, and a number of important papers and reports on the subject have been published by James, Nicol and Shute. Mr. Shute has paid visits to many districts in Great Britain and has advised on the control of Anophelines. With all this administrative and scientific machinery to hand, it can be confidently anticipated that the Ministry of Health will safeguard the population of Great Britain against the risks of an increase of indigenous malaria after the present War as successfully as it did after the War of 1914-18.
Abstract. A new facility has been developed which allows for a stable and reproducible production of ambient-like model aerosols (PALMA) in the laboratory. The set-up consists of multiple aerosol generators, a custom-made flow tube homogeniser, isokinetic sampling probes, and a system to control aerosol temperature and humidity. Model aerosols containing elemental carbon, secondary organic matter from the ozonolysis of α-pinene, inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, mineral dust particles, and water were generated under different environmental conditions and at different number and mass concentrations. The aerosol physical and chemical properties were characterised with an array of experimental methods, including scanning mobility particle sizing, ion chromatography, total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and thermo-optical analysis. The facility is very versatile and can find applications in the calibration and performance characterisation of aerosol instruments monitoring ambient air. In this study, we performed, as proof of concept, an intercomparison of three different commercial PM (particulate matter) monitors (TEOM 1405, DustTrak DRX 8533 and Fidas Frog) with the gravimetric reference method under three simulated environmental scenarios. The results are presented and compared to previous field studies. We believe that the laboratory-based method for simulating ambient aerosols presented here could provide in the future a useful alternative to time-consuming and expensive field campaigns, which are often required for instrument certification and calibration.
We compare the performance of an alternative method based on portable Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy described in TGN M22, "Measuring Stack Gas Emissions Using FTIR Instruments," to the Standard Reference Methods (SRMs) for CO (EN 15058), NOx (EN 14792), SO₂(EN 14791), HCl (EN 1911), and H₂O (EN 14790). Testing was carried out using a Stack Simulator facility generating complex gas matrices of the measurands across concentration ranges of 0-75 mg m⁻³ and 0-100 mg m⁻³ CO, 0-200 mg m⁻³ and 0-300 mg m⁻³ NO, 0-75 mg m⁻³ and 0-200 mg m⁻³ SO₂, 0-15 mg m⁻³ and 0-60 mg m⁻³ HCl, and 0-14 vol% H₂O. The former values are the required monitoring range for each measurand as described in the European Union (EU) Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU) for waste incineration processes, and the latter are supplementary ranges representative of emissions from some large combustion plant processes. Test data were treated in accordance with CEN/TS 14793, and it was found that equivalency test criteria could be met across all concentration ranges with the exception of the NO supplementary range. The results demonstrated in principle where TGN M22/FTIR could be used in place of the existing SRMs to provide, as required under the Industrial Emissions Directive, annual validation/calibration of automated measuring systems (AMSs being permanently installed on industrial stacks to provide continuous monitoring of emissions to air). These data take a step toward the wider regulatory acceptance of portable FTIR providing the advantages of real-time calibration and quantification of all measurands on a single technique.
We report results from a blind comparison of five analytical laboratories ISO/IEC 17025 (International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission) accredited for the analysis of sulfate collected in H 2 O 2(aq) from industrial stacks in accordance with the European Standard Reference Method (SRM) for sulfur dioxide (SO 2) (EN 14791): the method produced under European Commission mandate to support the enforcement of the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED). Both "synthetic" (sodium sulfate dissolved in aqueous hydrogen peroxide [H 2 O 2(aq) ]) and "real" (extracted and collected from a stack simulator facility in accordance with EN 14791) samples were prepared across 2-10 and 10-290 mg•m 0 −3 emission equivalent concentration ranges, respectively. From the measurements returned by the laboratories, it was found that in 35% of the former and 28% of the latter the stated expanded uncertainty limits did not intersect with the mean. It was also found with the real samples that in 30% of the 46 different concentration test levels the stated expanded uncertainty of at least two of the laboratories did not intersect. With respect to compliance monitoring, it was found that EN 14791 was capable of enforcing emission limits under the IED associated with waste incinerators (i.e., 50 mg•m 0 −3), as only 3% of the deviations were in excess of the required uncertainty (commensurate with a 95% level of confidence). However, with respect to the use of EN 14791 for calibration of automated measuring systems (AMSs), it was found that 38.5% of the deviations were in excess of the uncertainty recommended by at least one national regulator as being necessary for EN 14791 to be an "effective tool" for the calibration of AMSs. With emission limits under the IED and the Best Available Technique Reference (BREF) documents it adopts becoming increasingly stringent, it is clear that more work is needed to determine the capability of the SRM and also alternative methods based on portable instruments. Implications: The deviations observed between laboratories ISO/IEC 17025 accredited for sulfate analysis bring into question the monitoring communities' ability to routinely meet the uncertainty requirements associated with increasingly stringent SO 2 emission limits under the European Union's Industrial Emissions Directive. Furthermore, with even further reductions in the near future due to legislative adoption of BREF documents, such issues are only likely to be exacerbated. If the European monitoring community is to have confidence in the capability of the existing Standard Reference Method described in EN 14791 for enforcing increasingly stringent limits, work is needed to validate this method at these lower emission levels.
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