The hiding power of diffusing media

Smith, T

doi:10.1088/1475-4878/33/4/302

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Theoretical considerations for the quantitative use of the diffuse reflectance equations were discussed and derived previously by several authors (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). The best known theory was developed by Kubelka and Munk (15,16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of this study was to investigate quantitatively the ethanol-mediated interaction between dextroamphetamine sulfate and spray-dried lactose using diffuse reflectance spectrometry. Theoretical considerations for the quantitative use of the diffuse reflectance equations were discussed and derived previously by several authors (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). The best known theory was developed by Kubelka and Munk (15,16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interaction of Dextroamphetamine Sulfate with Spray-Dried Lactose

Blaug¹,

Huang

1972

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Interaction of Dextroamphetamine Sulfate with Spray-Dried Lactose

Blaug¹,

Huang

1972

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…Kubelka and Munk's solution is currently the most widely accepted DR explanation because it is a two-constant equation and, therefore, experimentally testable. Moreover, many other derivations by other workers like Smith, 11 Amy, 12 and Bruce 13 have been shown to be derivable from Kubelka and Munk's work.…”

Section: Introduction Theoretical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Assessment of Diffuse Transmission and Reflection Modes in Near-Infrared Quantification, Part 2: Diffuse Reflection Information Depth

Saeed

Probst

Betz

2011

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…Therefore, the measured values for fluorescent energy for each sheet of paper, and for the combinations of the various sheets with a sheet of paper 128, were multiplied by a factor of 2, since additional experiments (data not given) with other filters, which cut off at various longer wavelengths, showed that the fluorescent energy was approximately equally distributed over the visible region. The corrected values are shown in table 5.…”

Section: Effect Of Fluorescencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equation 1 was derived in its present form by Gurevich [4], and Smith [5] and in other forms by Stokes [6], Channon, Renwick, and Storr [7], and Ryde and Cooper [8], for diffusing materials, and by Benford [9] for sheets of glass. The expression, however, has apparently not been tested experimentally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflection-transmission relationships in sheet materials

Launer¹

1941

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN.

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Reflectances of transmissive sheets, calculated from the transmissions of one and two sheets, are compared with r eflectances obtained by using the General E lectric Recording Spectrophotometer. The expression used as a basis for calculation, Ra = .11-(T;/T2a), in which R. is the reflectance, and Ta and T 2a are the transmissions of one and two sheets, respectively, of a, was derived by considering the infinite series of reflections undergone by light, or radiant energy in general, in passing through the two sheets. The expression was found to be valid and useful over a wide range of reflectances a nd wavelengths, for materials such as paper, glass, and an organic plastic.The method is an absolute one, since it involves no refl ectance standard. It involves no spherical or similar integrating device, nor does it involve any reflecting surface other than that of the sample itself, as a fundamental part of the measurements. When transmission values for diffuse incidence are substituted into the expression, the reflectances thus calculated correspond to the conditions of diffuse incidence and diffuse viewing, and as such are somewhat higher than the usual directly measured reflectances for normal incidence and diffuse viewing (or diffuse incidence and normal viewing) . For clear sheets, with normal incidence, specular reflectance may be calculated.The method thus affords a means of determining, from two simple measurements, the sp ecular-plus-diffuse reflectance of transmissive sheets for diffused light or radiant energy in general.The expression as derived is theoretically inapplicable to diffusing sheets for light of normal incidence, but a compensation of err ors a llows close agreement over the visible range, at 365 millimicrons, and for "white" light, for all except tissue paper and other materials of like transmissivity.For diffuse incidence at 365, and to a certain extent, at 405 millimicrons, some papers show deviations from the simple theory because of fluorescence effects. This and other effects are discussed.R eflectances in the infrared region near 850 millimicrons are also calculated but no standard for comparison is available for these values. The sources of errors at the shorter wavelengths, however, do not interfere in the infrared r egion.Transmissions of papers were found to be dependent upon the angle of incidence. Reflectances throughout the visible region, measured at 45° from normal incidence, were found to agree closely, for the type of papers studied, with those obtained using the General Electric Recording Spectrophotometer, which corresponds to the conditions of normal incidence and diffuse viewing.

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The hiding power of diffusing media

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Interaction of Dextroamphetamine Sulfate with Spray-Dried Lactose

Interaction of Dextroamphetamine Sulfate with Spray-Dried Lactose

Assessment of Diffuse Transmission and Reflection Modes in Near-Infrared Quantification, Part 2: Diffuse Reflection Information Depth

Reflection-transmission relationships in sheet materials

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