Topicality and methodology. The purpose of our research was to study the influence of the type of crop rotation, methods of basic land cultivation and fertilizers on the elements of winter wheat yield structure, spring barley and sugar beet and their qualitative characteristics. The studies were carried out on typical medium-thick low-humus heavy loamy chernozem on loess-like soil in the conditions of the Belgorod region. In The maximum increase in the indicators of crop yield structure was recorded on the organo-mineral fertilization system. With the cultivation of barley and winter wheat in a crop rotation, the quality of grain increases. When growing beets in crop rotation, there is a tendency to a decrease in sugar content in comparison with grain-row crop rotation, while the sugar yield increases. The organo-mineral fertilization system reduces the starch content in the grain of barley by an average of 2.4% in the crop rotation and 1.3% in the grain crop rotation compared to the control, and increases the protein content in the grain of winter wheat by an average of 1.4%. The sugar content of beets on the organo- mineral fertilization system decreases on average by 0.8%, while the sugar yield, on the contrary, increases. Land cultivation methods in most cases do not affect the technological qualities of crops.
The article presents mobility coefficients of cadmium and copper, biological absorption coefficients of toxic metals by the main products of potatoes, beetroot and beans, depending on the chemicalization agents used on black soil with a typical heavy loamy granulometric composition. The introduction of lime, the combined application of lime and manure have a positive effect on reducing the coefficient of cadmium mobility. The high content of cadmium and copper in the soil does not have a negative effect on the synthesis of basic organic substances in vegetable products (starch, sugar, protein). The accumulation of nitrates in vegetable products occurs as a result of the mineral and organic fertilizers application; heavy metals do not have a significant effect on the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen during the cultivation of vegetable crops. The coefficient of biological absorption is influenced not only by lime, manure, mineral fertilizers, but also by the physiological characteristics of the crops themselves, which need toxic elements as micro and ultramicroelements for nutrition and synthesis of organic substances. The results of studies on crops of beetroot show that the application of lime, manure and the combined application of lime and manure reduce the intake of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in root crops and tops of beetroot. A double dose of mineral fertilizers reduces the intake of copper and lead, but insignificantly, and does not have a positive effect on reducing the accumulation of cadmium and zinc. On soils contaminated with heavy metals (Cd, Cu), according to the value of biological absorption coefficient of the studied crops, heavy metals are distributed as follows: when growing potatoes - Cd> Cu; when cultivating table beet - Cu> Cd; when growing beans - Cu> Cd.
In the southwestern part of the Central Chernozem Region, mineral fertilizers enhance the mineralization of organic matter. The introduction of manure contributed to an increase in the content of humus in the soil. The maximum humus content in the soil - 5.23% was noted in the variant with aftereffect of 80 t/ha of manure. Between 2013 and 2019, the application of mineral fertilizers led to acidification of the soil solution. The effect of manure at a dose of 40 t/ha and the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N90P60К60 against the aftereffect of 80 t/ha of manure has a positive effect on the reaction of the soil environment, the absolute pHKCL increases to 5.88 units and 5.84 units respectively, which corresponds to a neutral soil reaction. Regular application of mineral and organic fertilizers and their joint application change the content of active forms of cadmium in the soil. The systematic application of mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers and the application of mineral fertilizers against the manure aftereffect leads to an increase in active forms of cadmium in the soil and, therefore, can have a negative impact on the agroecological state of the soil. The use of fertilizers in different doses did not significantly affect the change in the content of gross forms of cadmium, however, its slight increase was observed in all cases, its content in the soil was 0.38-0.14 mg/kg lower than the UEC. The highest content of gross forms of cadmium was noted on variants with the introduction of mineral fertilizers against the aftereffect of manure. The mobility coefficient of cadmium from 2013 to 2019 changed upwards in the variants with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, aftereffect of manure and the introduction of mineral fertilizers against the aftereffect of 40 t/ha of manure. The introduction of mineral fertilizers against a background of 80 t / ha of manure led to a decrease in the cadmium mobility coefficient.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.