Soil treatment and fertilization influenced the amount of root residues in the soil. The greatest amount of root residues mass was obtained by plowing and ranged from 4.45 t/ha in the control to 5.06 t/ha in the variant with the introduction of mineral fertilizers. For all treatments, the application of organic and mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on root residues accumulation, their maximum accumulation was obtained in the variant N130P130K130 + N100 and amounted to 4.67 - 5.06 t/ha. For all processing methods, the highest load of corn root residues is in the 0-10 cm layer. On average over the years of research maize for silage left in a grain-row crop rotation in a soil layer of 0-30 cm on the control for plowing 22.3 kg/ha of nitrogen, 2.8 kg/ha of phosphorus and 7.0 kg/ha of potassium. The use of mineral fertilizers at the rates (NPK) 70 and (NPK) 140 increased these indicators respectively to 28.0-30.2; 3.8-3.9 and 10.9-11.6 kg/ha. Organic fertilizers in the third year of aftereffect practically did not change the amount of nutrients accumulation in comparison with the unfertilized option. Using organo-mineral fertilization system nitrogen remained in the soil with a root mass of 28.0-28.9 kg/ha, phosphorus 4.1-4.2 and 10.9-11.3 kg/ha of potassium. A similar pattern was observed in the variants with soil cultivation without seam turnover and in the variant with the aftereffect of manure after shallow cultivation significantly less nutrients were accumulated compared to plowing. So, on plowed plots there was more nitrogen by 1.8 kg/ha, by 0.4 kg/ha phosphorus and by 0.7 kg/ha potassium. The methods of basic soil treatment in this crop rotation did not have a significant effect on the nutrients’ accumulation.
The purpose of the research is to study the effect and interaction of straw-litter compost (20 t/ha), ammonium nitrate (30 kg/ha N) and microfertilizer Azosol 36 Extra (2 times 2 l/ha) on the fertility indicators of typical chernozem for soybean cultivation in the southern forest-steppe of the Central Chernozem region. It was found that the increase in fertilization level based on the use of compost contributed to the positive dynamics of organic matter and macronutrients, the formation of higher yields, protein content and collection. The largest increase in organic matter in the soil was in the variants of joint use of compost and ammonium nitrate – 0.52-0.68%. The combination of compost and ammonium nitrate, as well as the complex application of mineral fertilizers, maintained a positive balance of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil from 3.3 to 8.2 mg/kg. Perhaps, the early-ripening soybean variety Lantsetnaya mainly used nitrogen of mineral fertilizers for crop formation, while the mid-ripening variety Belgorodskaya 48 is more responsive to the use of compost. The introduction of compost also caused an increase in mobile phosphorus content in the soil by 36-47 mg/kg and the exchangeable potassium by 5.4-43 mg/kg. This contributed to the transfer by grouping to a higher gradation - to a high class of supply in terms of the content of both mobile phosphorus (163-196 mg/kg) and exchangeable potassium (125-168 mg/kg).
The development and implementation of the most optimal agricultural technologies for cultivating crops will allow you to maximize the potential of plants and get high productivity with good quality products. Among the variety of organic fertilizers currently used, a special place is occupied by poultry manure with a high content of nutrients found in the compounds assimilated by plants. In terms of the South-Western part of Central Black earth region, were studied combined effect of methods of primary tillage, doses of poultry manure and compost, combines them in making nitrogen fertilizers and mineral fertilizers on soil agrochemical parameters and grain productivity of corn. The productivity when plowing was 5,79 t/ha in the control variant, with beardless plowing – 4,91 t/ha and with no deep tillage – 4,8 t/ha. Poultry manure and compost (20 t/ha) in its pure form has increased the productivity by 1,02 and 0,87 t/ha when tilling, by 0,82 and 0,89 t/ha when beardless plowing by 0,78 and 0,83 t/ha when no deep tillage relative to control. Additional input in these variants of nitrogen fertilizer led to increase of productivity of corn to 6,99 and of 7,23 t/ha when tilling, which was higher than poultry manure (20 t/ha) and bird compost (20 t/ha) by 0,18 and 0,57 t/ha, when beardless plowing to 5,79 and of 6,37 t/ha. In order to cultivate corn for grain in the South-Western part of the Central Black earth region, it is necessary to plow to a depth of 22-25 cm as the main soil tillage. As the main fertilizer for obtaining stable productivity of corn for grain with the preservation of soil fertility at a high level of profitability, it is necessary to apply poultry manure at a dose of 20 t/ha. In order to achieve higher productivity of corn, we recommend the joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers in the dosage of poultry manure (20 t/ha + N 60) and poultry compost (20 t/ha + N 60).
The article presents mobility coefficients of cadmium and copper, biological absorption coefficients of toxic metals by the main products of potatoes, beetroot and beans, depending on the chemicalization agents used on black soil with a typical heavy loamy granulometric composition. The introduction of lime, the combined application of lime and manure have a positive effect on reducing the coefficient of cadmium mobility. The high content of cadmium and copper in the soil does not have a negative effect on the synthesis of basic organic substances in vegetable products (starch, sugar, protein). The accumulation of nitrates in vegetable products occurs as a result of the mineral and organic fertilizers application; heavy metals do not have a significant effect on the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen during the cultivation of vegetable crops. The coefficient of biological absorption is influenced not only by lime, manure, mineral fertilizers, but also by the physiological characteristics of the crops themselves, which need toxic elements as micro and ultramicroelements for nutrition and synthesis of organic substances. The results of studies on crops of beetroot show that the application of lime, manure and the combined application of lime and manure reduce the intake of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in root crops and tops of beetroot. A double dose of mineral fertilizers reduces the intake of copper and lead, but insignificantly, and does not have a positive effect on reducing the accumulation of cadmium and zinc. On soils contaminated with heavy metals (Cd, Cu), according to the value of biological absorption coefficient of the studied crops, heavy metals are distributed as follows: when growing potatoes - Cd> Cu; when cultivating table beet - Cu> Cd; when growing beans - Cu> Cd.
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