RESUMENEl neumomediastino espontáneo (definido por la presencia de aire libre en el mediastino) es una entidad infrecuente que se presenta en ausencia de enfermedades o factores precipitantes. Generalmente afecta a varones jóvenes y sanos. El dolor torácico, la disnea o ambos son los síntomas más frecuentes. Otros síntomas y signos son el enfisema subcutáneo y el signo de Hamman. La radiografía simple de tórax establece el diagnóstico en un alto porcentaje de pacientes. El tratamiento conservador está indicado en estos pacientes y tiene un pronóstico favorable. Las recidivas son infrecuentes.Palabras clave. Neumomediastino espontáneo. Dolor torácico. Diagnóstico. Tratamiento. ABSTRACTSpontaneous pneumomediastinum (defined by the presence of free air in the mediastinum) is an infrequent entity that is presented in the absence of diseases or precipitating factors. It generally affects young and healthy males. Thoracic pain, dyspnea, or both, are the most frequent symptoms. Other signs and symptoms are subcutaneous emphysema and Hamman's sign. Simple radiography of the thorax allows for the diagnosis in a high percentage of patients. Conservative treatment is indicated in these patients and has a favourable prognosis. Relapses are infrequent.
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