This paper. describes the techniques applied and the results achieved in matching the six years of production and pressure history of the Piper field. Although Piper is an excellent oilfield it is nevertheless a difficult one to model using numerical simulation techniques. There are complex fluid-flow patterns across non-sealing faults between the offset sand sequences, together with a variable degree of vertical communication across the main reservoir unit. With six years of field data to match, the task was a large one and the question is raised -that, even though a" satisfactory historymatch was achieved, to what extent can it be regarded as unique?
The Main Area Claymore Reservoir (MACR) is the major reservoir of the Claymore Field, located 110 miles northeast of Aberdeen in UK Block 14/19, offshore North Sea. An integrated team effort by geologists, geophysicists and engineers has led to an increase in recoverable oil for the MACR. Concurrently, the MACR production has increased from 47 to 57 MSTBPD from mid 1984 to the end of 1986. The MACR is of Late Jurassic age. Fine-coarse grained sandstones of the Sgiath and Piper Formation are succeeded by the very fine - medium grained sandstones of the Claymore Sandstone Member (CSM) of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation. The CSM comprises the bulk of the MACR and is divided into two informal reservoir units: the Low Gamma Ray Sands and the High Gamma Ray Sands. The principal early field problems were: lack of sufficient pressure support: uneven water advancement in both the horizontal and vertical directions: and a large pressure gradient across the reservoir. Thus, more offtake and selective injection points were required to improve oil recovery. Growth of geological and engineering knowledge of the MACR has resulted from infill drilling and the integration of RFT pressures, flow meters, well logs, detailed core studies and 3D seismic. Increased current oil production and recoverable reserves are the consequence of this work. To improve oil recovery, a ten slot subsea template for water injection was installed in the summer of 1985. Three subsea water injectors have been drilled from this template and five platform wells redrilled as producers, to downdip areas of the MACR. The recent drilling programme owes its success to the combined efforts of a multi-disciplinary team, which resulted in the optimum placement of wells and the adoption of selective completion to optimise areal and vertical sweep efficiencies.
Vehicle gas is often compressed to about 200 bar at the refueling station prior to charging to the vehicle's tank.
Introduction Gas associated with the crude produced from Occidental's Piper field is conserved by drying it and condensing out the heavier components. This renders the gas with water and hydrocarbon dew points acceptable for transfer to St. Fergus via Total's Frigg field pipeline. A process which includes a turbo expander/compressor is used to extract the condensate which is spiked into the crude pipeline for eventual recovery as liquid product and fuel gas at Flotta. The turbo expander can extract 30 product and fuel gas at Flotta. The turbo expander can extract 30 percent mare condensate than a simple Joule-Thompson expansion. Gas percent mare condensate than a simple Joule-Thompson expansion. Gas transferred to St. Fergus is 80 percent methane with a nett calorific value of 1000 BTU/SCF and a water dew point of -20 degrees F at 1700 psig. OVERALL PIPER GAS SYSTEM (See Figure 1) At a crude production rate of 200,000 B/D the gas evolved at initial separation totals 75 MMSCF/D. The gas:oil separation takes place at 150 psig. For entry to the Frigg system the gas must be processed and compressed to 1700 psig. In future 2100 psig will be required when the Frigg pipeline pressure is increased. The first stage of compression is provided by centrifugal machines which discharge the gas at 650 psig. Cooling of the gas in sea water exchangers provides some condensate at this point. The major part of the gas provides some condensate at this point. The major part of the gas processing then takes place between the first and second stages of processing then takes place between the first and second stages of reciprocating compressors. After compression to 1600 psig in the first stage the gas is dehydrated and the heavier components are condensed out by auto refrigeration. Recompression to export pipeline pressure of 1700 psig takes place in the second stage of the reciprocating machines.
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