A distributed optical fibre sensor is introduced which is capable of quantifying multiple dynamic strain perturbations along 1 km of a sensing fibre simultaneously using a standard telecommunication single-mode optical fibre. The technique is based on measuring the phase between the Rayleigh scattered light from two sections of the fibre which define the gauge length. The phase is spatially determined along the entire length of the fibre with a single pulse. This allows multiple moving strain perturbation to be tracked and quantified along the entire length of the fibre. The demonstrated setup has a spatial resolution of 2 m with a frequency range of 500-5000 Hz. The minimum detectable strain perturbation of the sensor was measured to be 80 n .
Extensive research on Brillouin- and Raman-based distributed optical fibre sensors over the past two decades has resulted in the commercialization of distributed sensors capable of measuring static and quasi-static phenomena such as temperature and strain. Recently, the focus has been shifted towards developing distributed sensors for measurement of dynamic phenomena such as dynamic strain and sound waves. This article reviews the current state of the art distributed optical fibre sensors capable of quantifying dynamic vibrations. The most important aspect of Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering processes which have been used for distributed dynamic measurement are studied. The principle of the sensing techniques used to measure dynamic perturbations are analyzed followed by a case study of the most recent advances in this field. It is shown that the Rayleigh-based sensors have longer sensing range and higher frequency range, but their spatial resolution is limited to 1 m. On the other hand, the Brillouin-based sensors have shown a higher spatial resolution, but relatively lower frequency and sensing ranges.
We report on a novel method for simultaneous distributed measurement of temperature and strain based on spatially resolving both spontaneous Raman and Brillouin backscattered anti-Stokes signals. The magnitude of the intensity of the anti-Stokes Raman signal permits the determination of the temperature. The Brillouin frequency shift is dependent on both the temperature and the strain of the fiber; once the temperature has been determined from the Raman signal, the strain can then be computed from the frequency measurement of the Brillouin signal.
Simultaneous optical fibre distributed strain and temperature
measurements have been obtained, by measuring the spontaneous Brillouin
intensity and frequency shift, using the technique of microwave heterodyne
detection. The enhanced stability from using a single coherent source combined
with optical preamplification results in a highly accurate sensor. Using this
sensor, distributed temperature sensing at 57 km and simultaneous distributed
strain and temperature sensing at 30 km were achieved, the longest reported
sensing lengths to date for these measurements. As a simultaneous strain and
temperature sensor, a strain resolution of 100 µε and
temperature resolution of 4 °C were achieved.
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