In the presence of BFyOEta, (perfluoroalkyl)lithiums generated in situ from the reaction of primary perfluoroalkyl iodides and MeLi-LiBr reacted with imines, azines, and nitrones to afford perfluoroalkylated nitrogen-containing compounds in moderate to good yields. This method was successfully applied to the preparation of a (perfluoroalkyl)glycine and optically active perfluoroalkylated amines.Methodology for introducing the perfluoroalkyl group into organic molecules has recently been developed greatly due to increasing needs for fluorine-containing compounds in a variety of industrial fields. These methods can be conveniently divided into three types: cationic perfluoroalkylation represented by the reactions of Umemoto's FITS ((perfluoroalkyl)phenyliodonium trifluoromethanesulfonates) reagents;1 2 addition of perfluoroalkyl radicals generated from perfluoroalkyl halides,3 perfluoroalkanoyl peroxides,4 or other perfluoroalkyl sources;5 and nucleophilic or coupling reactions of (perfluoroalkyl)metals represented by (perfluoroalkyl)zinc6 and (perfluoroalkyl)copper reagents.7 In the last type of reaction, difficulties are often encountered due to the instability and low reactivity of these metal reagents. Perfluoroalkyl Grignard and lithium reagents react with carbonyl compounds8 such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters, but they fail to react with less polarized functional groups, leading to self-decompo-
SummaryTo study the effect of seed number per berry on berry ripening in highbush blueberry, self-, cross-and open pollination were carried out on 'Berkeley' and 'Dixi' in order to produce berries that contain various numbers of seeds. Seed number per berry was higher after cross-pollination than after self-or open pollination, and the number of large brownish seeds was higher than that of small white seeds after each type of pollination. Multiple regression analysis using number of large brownish seeds and small white seeds per berry as dependent variables, while days to ripening from flowering as independent variable showed significant multiple regression coefficients in all treatment on two cultivars. The standardized partial regression coefficient of large brownish seed number per berry was higher than that of small white seed number, except for self-pollination in 'Dixi'. Further, the percentage of large brownish seeds that germinated was higher after cross-pollination compared to that after self-or open pollination, and significantly correlated with the standardized partial regression coefficient. Therefore, the number of viable large brownish seeds per berry seemed to be a more important factor in determining berry ripening of highbush blueberry. Key Words:days
The effect of atmospheric relative humidity during water stress was studied to determine the cause of the fluctuations in the number of first-flush flowers affected by water stress in Meiwa kumquat trees. Water stress at around 10% of soil water content was started 2 weeks after termination of shoot elongation in a greenhouse humidified by mist, and maintained for 10 or 20 days. Another two treatments were established in a greenhouse that was not humidified: withholding water for 10 days (dry soil and air) and no treatment (dry air). The number of first-flush flowers increased significantly with 20-day water stress, as did the ABA content of the root. ABA contents of the leaf at the end of treatment with 10-and 20-day water stress were not different from untreated control trees. Further, with dry soil and air, the number of first-flush flowers and the ABA content of the root were increased significantly compared to those in the control and treated with dry air. These results indicated that the ABA content of the root was an appropriate index to evaluate the increasing effect of first-flush flowers by water stress. Further, low atmospheric relative humidity seemed to amplify the effect of water stress on increasing the number of first-flush flowers.
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