The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is an important hormonal mechanism of the human body and is extremely programmable during embryonic and fetal development. Analyzing its development in this period is the key to understanding in fact how vulnerabilities of congenital diseases occur and any other changes in the phenotypic and histophysiological aspects of the fetus. The environment in which the mother is exposed during the gestational period can influence this axis. Knowing this, our objective was to analyze in recent research the possible impact of epigenetic programming on the HPA axis and its consequences for fetal development. This review brought together articles from two databases: ScienceDirect and PUBMED researched based on key words such as "epigenetics, HPA axis, cardiovascular disease, and circulatory problems" where it demonstrated full relevance in experimental and scientific settings. A total of 101 articles were selected following the criteria established by the researchers. Thus, it was possible to verify that the development of the HPA axis is directly related to changes that occur in the cardiovascular system, to the cerebral growth and other systems depending on the influence that it receives in the period of fetal formation. K E Y W O R D Sepigenetic, gestational period, hormonal mechanism, HPA
Introduction: Left suprarenal vein (LSRV) is a tributary of the left renal vein in more than 95% of the population. In a research carried out by Mas, Arango, Guzmán et al. (1987), the double suprarenal vein appeared on 2.7% of the 110 nephrectomies done. The suprarenal vein (SRV) was unique on the 34 bodies analyzed by Duques, Rodrigues, Silva Neto et al. (2002). Therefore, the anatomical variations of the LSRV are rare, but its study is a subject of clinic and surgical importance for renal transplants. The objective of this study was to describe the dissection of the double LSRV. Material and Methods: A caliper rule was used to measure the length of the studied veins. The dissection of the left kidney and adrenal was done according to standard technique. Results: The different origins and trajectories of the double LSRV (normal and variant), tributaries and left renal vein were verified. The normal LSRV measured 3 cm up to the renal vein whereas the variant SRV, with 7.5 cm and thinner, went out of the lateral suprarenal border, went down adjacent to the kidney face to end in the left renal vein around 1.8 cm distal to the first. Conclusions: The variant SRV showed double the normal length, lower diameter and difficult visualization in situ because of its trajectory between the superior pole of the kidney and the suprarenal anterior face. This trajectory evokes extra care during surgical procedures of renal transplantation, mostly to avoid hypotension and hypovolemia after SRV ligation.
Introduction Papillae are small conical bumps found on the skin or mucous membranes surfaces. In the mouth, the parotid papillae are responsible for expelling saliva from the parotid gland to its cavity. Sialadenitis is an inflammation that affects the salivary gland and/or its duct. Objectives To report a variable parotid papilla case and its implication in sialadenitis. Materials and Methods The research was performed at the Morphofunctional Sciences Laboratory of the Faculdades Integradas de Patos - FIP. We used a cadaveric hemiface from the anatomy laboratory and a digital caliper rule for the morphometric evaluations. Results The papilla found was located posterior to the 3rd molar. The distance from the variation to the most frequent location of the papilla (18.8 mm). Conclusion The variable papilla was located in the lower retromolar region, which increases the chances of developing parotid sialadenitis, expanding the theoretical basis for its clinical diagnosis.
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