This paper presents the design consideration of high order digital AZ modulators used as modulus controller for fractional-N frequency synthesizer. A third-order MASH structure (MASH 1-2) is designed and implemented which allows for the input to operate over 75% of the input adder capacity. The number of the output levels is reduced to two bits. The circuit was verified through simulation, ASIC implementation and exhibits high potential for a gigahertz range, low-power monolithic CMOS frequency synthesizer.
In 1982 a 4 kW photovoltaic (PV) system was retrofit to an Aps customer's home in Yuma, Arizona. This system was one of the first utility grid-oonnected systems to be installed. It recently completed 10 years of successful operation.During the design phase, a unique low-profile "ramada" design was developed. The design does not requh a southfacing roof area; it could be installed on the north side of a home, for example. This may expand the number of homes which may be candidates for PV systems.One of the most significant results from thii project is the demonstration of the long-term reliability of PV systems. The only hardware problems experienced were relatively minor, and they occurred in the balance of system.
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