IgG-aCL positivity does not appear to be a marker for CNS disease generally but of ischemic stroke.
Summary Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an infectious disease of cattle and buffalo caused by particular serotypes of Pasteurella multocida and is one ofthe most economically important livestock diseases in South-East Asia. While HS has been recognized for many years, very little is understood about the disease, primarily because ofthe expense of cattle and a lack of suitable animal models. The suitability of using mice to study HS was assessed using parameters such as the critical pathogenic dose, kinetics of infection, pathology of disease and resistance to reinfection. Pasteurella multocida Ml404. the type strain for Carter group B, the serotype responsible for Asian HS. was injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice. As few as 20 colony forming units produced an overwhelming septicaemia in mice in less than 30 h. The kinetics of infection demonstrated a very rapid in viva multiplication rate. There was no evidence of inhibition of bacterial cell growth by natural host defence mechanisms, even with the very small inocula used. The gross pathology ofthe disease in mice was characterized by splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and petechial haemorrhages similar to that observed in cattle and buffalo with HS. Mice were found to develop a short-lived resistance to reinfection following a primary infection which had been successfully treated with antibiotics. The mouse would seem to provide an ideal tool by which to study HS. but warrant further studies in order to be able to critically assess it as a model for this economically important disease.
An enzyme-linked immunoassay has been developed to differentiate between unprocessed beef, sheep, horse, kangaroo, pig and camel meats. Microtitre plates were coated with meat extracts at pH 5.5 and the bound meat proteins reacted with speciesspecific rabbit antisera. The antisera were prepared by inoculating rabbits with serum from the required species and were purified by affinity chromatography on appropriate immobilised serum columns to remove cross-reacting antibodies. Rabbit antibodies bound to the meat proteins were detected using staphylococcal protein A conjugated to horse-radish peroxidase. The assay is able to detect contamination as efficiently as the currently employed Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test. In addition it has the following advantages: (a) testing can be performed in approximately 3 h; (b) less volume of species-specific antisera is required; (c) antisera can be mixed for simple screening procedures ; (d) equipment is avilable to semi-automate the assay procedure and the recording and reporting of results ; (e) increased sensitivity, in the terms of amount of material required, allows use of simpler sampling techniques.
An improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to enable differentiation of unprocessed beef, sheep, horse, kangaroo, pig, camel, buffalo and goat meats to less than 1% level of detection. This double sandwich system utilises species-specific capture antibodies raised in sheep or cattle and coated on to microtitre plates. Antibody coated plates are then used to immunoextract soluble protein from prepared meat samples. Bound meat proteins are detected by the addition of species-specific rabbit antisera followed by staphyloccoca1 Protein A conjugated to horse-radish peroxidase (HRPO), or by antisera directly conjugated to HRPO. Adoption of a capture antibody provides a number of advantages over previously described ELISA systems. Sample preparation is not critical because colour production is approximately constant between sample dilutions of 1000 and 10 g litre-'. Increased sensitivity and selectivity allows the bulking of samples for screening purposes. In addition, the assay is faster; testing may be carried out in less than 2 h.
Six goats were inoculated with Brucella ovis. Two goats were inoculated with infected semen by the intratesticular route and 2 each by installation of the semen on to the nasal or preputial epithelium. All goats produced antibody responses as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure and the serums of 5 goats reacted in complement fixation tests for B. ovis. The 2 goats inoculated by the intratesticular route and one receiving B. ovis instilled intranasally subsequently excreted B. ovis in their semen. The possibility of natural transmission is discussed.
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