The aim of the study was to assess the influence of Trichoderma spp. and different fertilization levels on the flowering and nutritional status of Begonia × tuberhybrida Voss. ‘Picotee Sunburst’ plants. Before planting, the tubers were soaked in water or a mixture of spore of Trichoderma spp. (T. viride Schumach–Tv14, T. harzianum Rifai–Thr2, T. hamatum/Bonord/Bainier–Th15) in the form of a suspension for 24 h. The plants were fertilized every 7 days with the multi-component Peters Professional Allrounder fertilizer (20:20:20 + microelements) at a concentration of 0.0%, 0.2%, and 0.3%. Trichoderma spp. accelerated the flowering of the ‘Picotee Sunburst’ cultivar by 2.7–8.7 days, stimulated the development of buds and flowers in the plants and affected their size. The plants bloomed most intensively and had the biggest flowers after the treatment with the 0.3% fertilizer. Trichoderma spp. and the fertilization had no effect on the height of the plants and the number of shoots regardless of the fertilizer concentration, but they stimulated the development of leaves. Trichoderma spp. stimulated the production of chlorophyll. They did not affect the uptake of macroelements, but they stimulated the uptake of microelements (Zn, Fe, and B). The higher the fertilizer concentration was, the higher was the content of microelements in the plants.
The flowering and quality of Freesia refracta Klatt ‘Argentea’ were assessed after the application of fungi of the Trichoderma genus and assimilation lighting. The assimilation lighting accelerated the flowering of the Freesia refracta ‘Argentea’ plants by 3–4 weeks. The fungi of the Trichoderma genus accelerated the flowering of the Freesia refracta ‘Argentea’ plants with light deficit by about one week. The assimilation lighting resulted in the development of shorter main inflorescence shoots regardless of the fact whether the plants had been treated with the fungi of the Trichoderma genus or not. The assimilation lighting and the fungi of the Trichoderma genus stimulated the development of lateral inflorescence shoots in the ‘Argentea’ cultivar. The fungi of the Trichoderma genus stimulated the development of flowers in the ‘Argentea’ cultivar. This effect was particularly noticeable when the plants were exposed to the assimilation lighting. The assimilation lighting stimulated the uptake of potassium in the ‘Argentea’ cultivar. The fungi of the Trichoderma genus stimulated the uptake of phosphorus and calcium in the plants underexposed to light. They also stimulated the uptake of potassium in the plants exposed to the assimilation lighting. The assimilation lighting stimulated the uptake of microelements. The fungi of the Trichoderma genus stimulated the uptake of iron, manganese and zinc both in the plants exposed to the assimilation lighting and those underexposed to light. The assimilation lighting combined with the treatment with the fungi of the Trichoderma genus stimulated the uptake of copper.
Numerous biologically active acids can be transformed into an ionic form in a facile way and combined with appropriate quaternary ammonium cation to improve their application properties or biological activity. This study describes the synthesis of new quaternary ammonium salts with anions of gibberellic acid, a common plant growth regulator from the gibberellin group, or l-tryptophan, an important precursor of auxin biosynthesis. The surface-active tetrapentylammonium ion and natural substances such as acetylcholine, choline, and quinine were the sources of cations. Novel salts of gibberellic acid and l-tryptophan were obtained with high yields exceeding 97% as a result of the metathesis reaction or the neutralization of quaternary ammonium hydroxides. Phase transition temperatures, thermal and chemical stability, and solubility in solvents with different polarities were determined for all obtained salts. On the basis of studies regarding the influence of synthesized salts on the post-harvest longevity and quality of leaves of Convallaria majalis, it was established that the biological activity of the natural plant regulators in most cases was maintained. Therefore, it can be concluded that the conversion of the active substance into the form of a quaternary ammonium salt results in obtaining novel forms of plant growth regulators with favourable physicochemical properties while maintaining the efficacy of the biological active ingredients. Graphic abstract
The study involved the application of a top dressing of a multicomponent Peters Professional fertiliser at concentration of 100 and 200 mg/l in the amount of 100 ml/plant, once every 7 days regardless of the fact whether the rhizomes had been mycorrhized before or not. Mycorrhization caused an increase in the quality of flowers, as expressed by peduncle length and their yield in Zantedeschia albomaculata cv. Albomaculata at both levels of top dressing, which shows that it is possible to reduce the top dressing dosage to a concentration of 100 mg/l. Mycorrhization had a favourable effect on the accumulation of nitrogen and manganese in the leaves of the calla lily. In mycorrhized plants the mean nitrogen content in 12 leaves ranged between 5.35 and 5.55% d.w. Mycorrhized plants accumulated more manganese in19 their leaves irrespective of the level of top dressing.
Sexually (homothallic and heterothallic) and asexually reproducing species belong to the Fusarium genus. So far, there is no known sexual stage of the F. oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. and F. culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc. Knowing the reproduction mode is important for the design of successful control strategies, since they are different for clonally and sexually reproducing organisms. In examined sets of asexual F. oxysporum and F. culmorum isolates, the DNA sequences of mating type genes (idiomorphs MAT-1 and MAT-2) were identified. MAT-1 sequence was detected for 33 and 40% of F. oxysporum and F. culmorum isolates, respectively. For the remaining isolates a sequence specific for MAT-2 was amplified.
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