This article proposes the design of coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed broadband rectenna for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting application. The rectenna is designed to operate in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency band of 5.8 GHz. For designing the proposed rectenna, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dielectric material was used to design, fabricate the CPW fed slot antenna. It was observed that the proposed antenna exhibits the |S 11 | of −23.43 dB and achieves the peak antenna gain of 8.56 dBi at 5.8 GHz. Secondly, the CPW fed rectifier circuit which comprises of the matching circuit, rectifying unit, and filter was designed. The measured results showed that the |S 11 | of −19 dB and it was perfectly matched with 50 Ω impedance. Finally, the rectenna was designed by integration of antenna with rectifier circuit. The simulated results showed the maximum RF to direct current (DC) conversion efficiency and the output DC voltage of 88% and 445 mV at the load resistance of 1 kΩ. The measured results show the maximum RF to DC conversion efficiency of 73.4% with the output DC voltage of 540 mV at the load resistance of 1 kΩ.
Ultrasound is an important diagnostic tool in distinguishing interfaces between soft tissues, especially abdominal structures. Diagnostic ultrasound is used for the detection of cysts, tumors or cancers present in the abdomen. Bladder cancer is one of the common types of cancer nowadays. The volume of the bladder is less in case of presence of cyst, tumors or cancers. Considering the importance of measurement of volume of the urinary bladder, various invasive and noninvasive methods are discussed in this article. The invasive method has many disadvantages. Hence this article encompasses the various noninvasive methods and its implementation using imaging techniques are discussed. The imaging techniques include Prolate Ellipsoid Method, Double Area Method and Double Ellipsoid Method. The methodology which is being generally used to calculate the volume of the urinary bladder is Prolate Ellipsoid Method. The accuracy of the above mentioned methods is reported with relatively larger errors of about 60%. The accuracy can be increased by incorporating sophisticated, expensive 3D software packages and imaging tools.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.