Iron is a microelement with the most completely studied biological functions. Its wide dissemination in nature and involvement in key metabolic pathways determine the great importance of this metal for uni- and multicellular organisms. The biological role of iron is characterized by its indispensability in cell respiration and various biochemical processes providing normal functioning of cells and organs of the human body. Iron also plays an important role in the generation of free radicals, which under different conditions can be useful or damaging to biomolecules and cells. In the literature, there are many reviews devoted to iron metabolism and its regulation in pro- and eukaryotes. Significant progress has been achieved recently in understanding molecular bases of iron metabolism. The purpose of this review is to systematize available data on mechanisms of iron assimilation, distribution, and elimination from the human body, as well as on its biological importance and on the major iron-containing proteins. The review summarizes recent ideas about iron metabolism. Special attention is paid to mechanisms of iron absorption in the small intestine and to interrelationships of cellular and extracellular pools of this metal in the human body.
The influence of modified nanosized magnetite (NSM) particles (magnetic microspheres coated with chitosan and magnetoliposomes) after a single intravenous infusion of their suspensions on iron metabolism in rats has been studied. Modern physical and chemical methods (X-ray fluorescence, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy) were used for standardization of the modified NSM particles (their size, structure, ζ-potential, and concentration were determined). Atomic emission spectroscopy was used to reveal the dynamics of iron content in rat liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys during 120 days. Colorimetric and immunoturbidimetric methods were used to determine the concentrations of plasma iron and the proteins involved in its metabolism - ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and ferritin. Their dynamics throughout the experiments were studied.
1ГБОУ ВПО Сибирский государственный медицинский университет Минздравсоцразвития России, 634050, Томск, Московский тракт, 2; эл. почта: milto_bio@mail.ru 2 ФГБОУ ВПО Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет, Томск 3 Обособленное структурное подразделение "Научно-исследовательский институт биологии и биофизики Томского государственного университета", ТомскМетодом люминол-зависимой хемилюминесценции исследовано влияние однократного и многократного внутривенного введения суспензии наноразмерного магнетита на общую про-и антиоксидантную активность плазмы крови крыс.Наноразмерные частицы магнетита обладают дозозависимыми прооксидантными свойствами за счёт входящих в их состав атомов железа и вызывают компенсаторную активацию антиоксидантных систем плазмы крови крыс.Изменения про-и антиоксидантной активности плазмы крови после однократного внутривенного введения магнетита нормализуются к концу эксперимента по мере выведения наноразмерных частиц из организма. При многократном введении суспензии магнетита эти изменения сохраняются на протяжении всего эксперимента и носят дозозависимый характер.Накопление частиц магнетита в клетках системы мононуклеарных фагоцитов печени, лёгкого и почек крыс сопровождается дисциркуляторными расстройствами, очаговыми дистрофическими и некротическими изменениями паренхимы этих органов. Наноразмерные частицы магнетита после однократного внутривенного введения определяются в органах крыс в течение 40 суток, однако их количество снижается к концу эксперимента.Ключевые слова: наномагнетит, плазма крови, прооксидантная и антиоксидантная активность.ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Использование наноразмерных материалов неорганического происхождения является одним из перспективных направлений применения нанотехнологии в биологии и медицине. Несмотря на многолетнее экспериментальное исследование наноразмерных частиц, некоторые принципиально важные вопросы относительно механизмов их взаимодействия с органами, тканями и клетками остаются неясными [1,2].Информация о негативных эффектах наночастиц на организменном уровне плохо систематизирована, сведения о влиянии наноматериалов на ту или иную систему организма часто противоречивы, отсутствуют 330 * -адресат для переписки
Obesity is a chronic pathology, which experts of theWorld Health Organization regard as an epidemic, based on the high rates of annual growth in the proportion of the overweight population in almost all countries of the world. Obesity is the leading cause of tissue insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This disease is fraught with serious complications: the onset and aggravation of cardiovascular pathology, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the appearance of certain types of malignant neoplasms and dysfunctions of the reproductive system. Adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver play unique roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis of the whole organism. These differences are due to the tissue-specificity of the intracellular signaling pathways of insulin. This review presents the current literature data on the features of the molecular mechanisms responsible for disturbances in the conduction of regulatory insulin signals at the intracellular level in its main target organs in obesity. The data on the nature of disturbances in interorgan metabolic flows caused by the growth of adipose tissue mass and their participation in the formation of insulin resistance in the liver and muscles are presented. The importance of further in-depth study of the tissue features of the mechanisms of insulin resistance pathogenesis for the development of new targeted pharmaceuticals that will serve to improve the complex drug correction of metabolic disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes is discussed.
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