Iron metabolism after application of modified magnetite nanoparticles in rats

Abstract

The influence of modified nanosized magnetite (NSM) particles (magnetic microspheres coated with chitosan and magnetoliposomes) after a single intravenous infusion of their suspensions on iron metabolism in rats has been studied. Modern physical and chemical methods (X-ray fluorescence, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy) were used for standardization of the modified NSM particles (their size, structure, ζ-potential, and concentration were determined). Atomic emission spectroscopy was used to reveal the dynamics of iron content in rat liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys during 120 days. Colorimetric and immunoturbidimetric methods were used to determine the concentrations of plasma iron and the proteins involved in its metabolism - ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and ferritin. Their dynamics throughout the experiments were studied.

Characteristics of iron status, oxidation response, and DNA methylation profile in response to occupational iron oxide nanoparticles exposure

“…Meanwhile, IONPs likely release iron ions when they encounter biological fluid that is derived from the lung or blood (Sutunkova et al, 2018). Intravenous injection of IONPs to rats increased plasma iron concentrations, which persisted for at least 120 days and were concurrent with elevated plasma ferritin and reduced transferrin (Milto et al, 2014). Increased ferritin and reduced TfR levels were observed in an IONPexposed macrophage model, and the increased ferritin, which was localized near particulate aggregates, was noted in mice that were injected with IONPs (Rojas et al, 2017).…”

Magnetic nanoparticles in cell-based therapies

“…A number of studies have investigated the cytotoxic potential of several different magnetic nanoparticles on different cell types and generally have found no or low cytotoxicity at lower concentration (> 100 μg ml −1 ). This cytotoxicity is mostly conferred by the fact that the core of the particle contains a transition metal [35]. Other factors such as composition of the coating or its breakdown products, cell-media composition etc.…”

“…can also play a role in conferring the cytotoxicity. The core generally has high dispersion rate and the large specific surface area allows a large number of transition metal atom, such as Fe atoms, to interact with the cellular environment by accepting or donating electrons, thus stimulating the formation of ions and radicals [35]. Most commonly formed radicals are reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals and the non-radical hydrogen peroxide.…”

“…In the cellular level different types of cells handles the nanoparticles in more or less similar fashion nanoparticles enter the cells via endocytosis, accumulate in the endosomes and ultimately fuses with lysosome. The acidic environment of endosome accelerates the dissolution of the nanoparticles, which is slowly released to the cytoplasm and eventually contributes to the total cellular pool [35]. In the physiological level, cell death due to iron overload or any other reasons lead to accumulation of the nanoparticles in ECM.…”

“…Majority of the nanoparticles are carried to liver for metabolism and subsequently used by RBC or excreted by kidney. Small iron nanoparticles (> 10 nm) are usually rapidly removed through extravasation and renal clearance, whereas large particles (> 200 nm) are sequestered by the spleen via mechanical filtration [35].…”