Purpose. To build a mathematical model and algorithms for optimizing the losses that the company may suffer from information threats and the costs necessary to prevent these losses. Methodology. General and special methods of cognition were used to perform scientific research: comparative analysis, logical generalization and systematization, mathematical abstraction, system-oriented analysis. Findings. A mathematical model and optimization algorithms are proposed for using an improved methodological approach to the formation of information security of the enterprise in terms of minimizing costs and losses. This allows one not only to analyze threats and determine the weight of factors influence but also to determine effective tactics and strategies to minimize their consequences. Originality. During the research, a mathematical model and algorithms of optimization of losses from information threats and expenses of the enterprise for their neutralization are created. It also allows us to predict the likely consequences of probable threats. Methodological approaches to the formation of the optimal level of costs to maintain the appropriate level of security have been improved. It is shown that the analysis of information risks and threats of assessment of financial and economic stability of the enterprise to information danger should be accompanied by comparison in a dynamic mode of the corresponding economic indicators. The introduction of a methodological approach to comparing the real and optimal values of the integrated indicator of resilience allows managers to assess trends and directions of projected information threats and the need to allocate sufficient resources for protection. Practical value. The results of the study can be used by practitioners to implement effective management of information risks and neutralize their impact on economic indicators of the enterprise and by scientists to develop strategies and methods to neutralize information threats to financial and economic stability, production and economic stability and organizational and economic stability, the latest methods of enterprise risk management.
Hypothesis/aims of study. In the Russian Federation, postpartum septic complications are third among the causes of maternal mortality, along with obstetric bleeding and preeclampsia. A wide range of methods for predicting postpartum endometritis has been proposed. However, none of these methods has sufficient clinical efficacy. The lack of information and the lack of clear criteria highlight the difficulties in the early diagnosis and prognosis of postpartum endometritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the prediction of postpartum endometritis in puerperas with a high risk of developing septic complications. Study design, materials and methods. The study included 135 puerperas, who were retrospectively divided into two groups. The main group consisted of women with developed postpartum endometritis (n = 72), and the comparison group comprised individuals with physiological course of the postpartum period (n = 63). Serum CRP levels were determined for all puerperas on days 1 and 3 of the postpartum period using the immunoturbodimetric method. Results. On day 1 of the postpartum period, the diagnostic threshold value for CRP levels was 69 mg / ml. The sensitivity and specificity of the method were low: 62% (95% CI 5074) and 65% (95% CI 5176), respectively. The predictability at a CRP level above 69 mg / ml was 67% (95% CI 5477). Thus, in puerperas on day 1 of the postpartum period at a CRP level above 69 mg / ml, the probability of developing postpartum endometritis was 67%, the chances of developing postpartum endometritis being extremely low, increasing by 1.76 times. There were no statistically significant differences when comparing CRP levels in the study groups of puerperas on day 1 of the postpartum period. On day 3 of the postpartum period, CRP level was significantly higher in the main group of puerperas 148 mg / ml (95% CI 126171), and in the comparison group 43 mg / ml (95% CI 3849) (p = 6 1014). On the 3rd day of the postpartum period, the diagnostic threshold value for CRP levels was 60 mg / ml. The sensitivity of the method was moderate 79% (95% CI 6886), the specificity of the method being high 93% (95% CI 8598). The predictability at a CRP level above 60 mg / ml was 93% (95% CI 8496). Thus, in postpartum women on day 3 of the postpartum period at a CRP level above 60 mg / ml, the probability of developing postpartum endometritis was 93%, with the chances of developing postpartum endometritis increased by 10 times (95% CI 530). In addition, determining CRP level on day 3 of the postpartum period is clinically informative, as evidenced by the standardized effect size (SES) equal to 1.4 (p = 6 1014). This is confirmed by the ROC analysis data: the clinical significance value (AUC indicator) was 0.89 (CI 0.810.93), according to which CRP determination is evaluated as a method with high clinical informativity. Conclusion. The determination of CRP on day 3 of the postpartum period is a clinically informative method. An increase in CRP level above 60 mg / ml is a predictor of postpartum endometritis with a sensitivity of 79% and a high probability (93%).
Recent years have been filled with negative events: the coronavirus epidemic, climate changes, and war. All this, of course, has the negative consequences in the socio-economic sphere and national security. It was found that the food security is a component of the national security and represents the state's sufficiency in providing adequate resources regardless of internal and external conditions and threats, the ability to guarantee self-sufficiency to the population as a whole and each citizen in particular physical and economic accessibility, quality and food safety and drinking water in the required amount. It is estimated that about one billion people (16 % of the world's population) are currently suffering from chronic hunger at a time when there is more than enough food to feed the world's population. This is the problem of food security -to realize the ability to combat the increase in food shortages against the background of a constantly growing population. To respond quickly to the negative effects of food insecurity, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has developed a Rapid Response Plan to save lives and livelihoods to support the most vulnerable small and medium-sized farms in 2022. It is proved that it is necessary to support the production and sale of food in order to counteract food security violations. An important component of support is investment in livelihoods in agriculture.
The foreign economic activity of the country is determined to be a prior component of the national economy in the context of the functioning of the crisis phenomena caused by the war. The nature of foreign trade operations is investigated. The authors considered the structure of Ukrainian exports in the context of commodity groups. Examples of commodity groups are given, whose share in the structure of Ukrainian exports is one of the largest. The dynamics of the implementation of export and import operations over the past decade is analyzed. The factors of formation of a positive trade balance, namely the methods of tariff and non-tariff regulation in foreign economic policy, are substantiated. The problem of using a positive trade balance as an indicator of the good state of the state economy is identified, because some countries use this indicator as a tool to control inflation, and also have labor-intensive and non-environmental enterprises outside the country. A number of agreements that contribute to the intensification of Ukrainian activities have been studied.
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