Iron deficiency is an important public health problem. An understanding of anemia risk factors is essential to informed health policies. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1,382 infants from the 2006 Brazilian National Survey on Demography and the Health of Women and Children. Mild and moderate anemia was characterised by hemoglobin levels below 11.0 and 9.5 g/dL, respectively. Rates for mild and moderate anemia were 25.9% and 9.9%, respectively. The logistic model included three risk factors for mild anemia—urban residence area (OR = 2.5; P = 0.004), fever in the past 2 weeks (OR = 2.4; P < 0.001), and age less than 12 months (OR = 1.7; P = 0.024). Strategies to control infant anemia should include health promotion and nutritional education for families from all socioeconomic levels. Lifestyle quality improvement based on adequate food consumption must be achieved by communities in all macroregions, and especially in urban areas.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência das internações e da mortalidade por diarréia em crianças menores de um ano. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico de séries temporais entre 1995 e 2005, para o Brasil e para as capitais dos estados. Foram utilizados dados secundários do Ministério da Saúde, obtidos do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar e do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Durante o período de estudo foram registradas 1.505.800 internações e 39.421 mortes por diarréia de crianças menores de um ano de idade. Para as análises das tendências da taxa de internação e de mortalidade foram utilizados modelos de regressão polinomial. RESULTADOS: Houve redução tanto nas internações por diarréia quanto na mortalidade infantil por diarréia no País e em 13 capitais. Oito capitais tiveram queda somente na mortalidade por diarréia, enquanto três apresentaram decréscimo somente nas taxas de internação por diarréia. Na análise conjunta dos indicadores de diarréia e dos indicadores gerais, observou-se que houve decréscimo em todas as séries históricas somente no Brasil e em quatro capitais. CONCLUSÕES: A redução nas taxas de internações e mortalidade por diarréia observada pelas séries temporais podem ser resultado das medidas de prevenção e controle empregadas.

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Internationally, only three studies to date have explored this intergenerational risk association with grandparents. We prospectively examine the relationship between infants' birth-weights and allcause mortality of their grandparents. Methods In 2001e2003 the cross-generation cohort study was established at antenatal stage with 1082 participating families, including 1184 grandparents (455 maternal-grandmothers, 271 maternal-grandfathers, 277 paternal-grandmothers and 181 paternal-grandfathers). Grandparents' morbidity and mortality was followed through cohort management. In 2010, the computerised death registry at the General Registrar 's Office was searched for any grandparental deaths. HRs were calculated with Cox regression models, adjusted as appropriate for child's gestational age and gender, grandparent's age, mother's age, maternal smoking and height at pregnancy. Results A total of 85 deaths were registered. An association between lower birth-weight infants (both <2500 g and <3000 g) and grandparental mortality was seen only in maternal line families. A U shaped association with maternal-grandmother 's mortality was also consistently observed, but did not reach statistical significance, whether adjusted or not for maternal characteristics [LBW: adjusted-HR (95% CI)¼4.2 (0.5 to 37.6); HBW: adjusted-HR (95% CI)¼1.3 (0.4 to 4.0)]. Conversely, a significant direct relationship emerged between paternal-grandfather 's mortality and higher birth-weight infants ($4000 g) [HR (95% CI)¼3.9 (1.2 to 12.0)]. Controlling for maternal characteristics at pregnancy did not attenuate the relationship, but rather strengthened the risk [adjusted-HR (95% CI)¼ 4.5 (1.4 to 14.9)]. Conclusion These findings are consistent with other studies in showing that maternal and paternal lines of transmission of risk differ, meriting further genetic and possible nutrigenomic investigation.

Introduction This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between the number of remaining teeth to mild memory impairment (MMI), which is a preclinical stage of dementia, and to cognitive impairment. Methods The subjects were aged 65 years or older and were grouped according to their score for the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the three-word delayed recall test in the MMSE, and the Geriatric Depression Scale into the control group (n¼3696), the MMI group (n¼121), and the low MMSE score (23 or lower) group (n¼214). We collected data on the number of remaining teeth, the length of the edentulous period, health-related lifestyle, medical history, blood pressure, height, and body weight. Fasting venous blood samples were also obtained.Results Multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusted for depressive symptoms, age, sex, length of education, and other explanatory variables, revealed that the ORs of 0e10 remaining teeth to 22e32 remaining teeth were 1.679 (95% CI 1.073 to 2.627) for MMI and 2.177 (95% CI 1.510 to 3.140) for a low MMSE score. A significant relationship was also found between the length of the edentulous period and the risk of a low MMSE score (OR 3.102, 95% CI 1.432 to 6.720) (15 years or more/<15 years). Conclusions Our findings suggest that tooth loss is associated with low cognitive function. This possible pathophysiology may be presumed by periodontal disease, gene polymorphisms in inflammatory cytokines, and a decrease in the number of periodontal mechanoreceptors.

Internationally, only three studies to date have explored this intergenerational risk association with grandparents. We prospectively examine the relationship between infants' birth-weights and allcause mortality of their grandparents. Methods In 2001e2003 the cross-generation cohort study was established at antenatal stage with 1082 participating families, including 1184 grandparents (455 maternal-grandmothers, 271 maternal-grandfathers, 277 paternal-grandmothers and 181 paternal-grandfathers). Grandparents' morbidity and mortality was followed through cohort management. In 2010, the computerised death registry at the General Registrar 's Office was searched for any grandparental deaths. HRs were calculated with Cox regression models, adjusted as appropriate for child's gestational age and gender, grandparent's age, mother's age, maternal smoking and height at pregnancy. Results A total of 85 deaths were registered. An association between lower birth-weight infants (both <2500 g and <3000 g) and grandparental mortality was seen only in maternal line families. A U shaped association with maternal-grandmother 's mortality was also consistently observed, but did not reach statistical significance, whether adjusted or not for maternal characteristics [LBW: adjusted-HR (95% CI)¼4.2 (0.5 to 37.6); HBW: adjusted-HR (95% CI)¼1.3 (0.4 to 4.0)]. Conversely, a significant direct relationship emerged between paternal-grandfather 's mortality and higher birth-weight infants ($4000 g) [HR (95% CI)¼3.9 (1.2 to 12.0)]. Controlling for maternal characteristics at pregnancy did not attenuate the relationship, but rather strengthened the risk [adjusted-HR (95% CI)¼ 4.5 (1.4 to 14.9)]. Conclusion These findings are consistent with other studies in showing that maternal and paternal lines of transmission of risk differ, meriting further genetic and possible nutrigenomic investigation.

IntroductionSeveral studies have shown high prevalences of sedentariness among adolescents, however, studies assessing sedentariness of adolescents with HIV are scarce. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of sedentariness in this population and its associated factors.Methods91 patients aged 10–19 years responded to the questionnaire on physical activity validated for Brazilian adolescents. The questionnaire is comprised of 17 questions (15 on sports and two on transportation physical activity). The cut-off point for sedentariness was 300 min/week.ResultsMean age at interview was 15.1 years (SD=2.6 years). A greater proportion of girls was sedentary (80%×61%, p<0.05). All other variables tested were not associated with sedentariness: ethnicity (white-65%; non-white-62%, p=0.286); living with family (yes-70%; no-89%, p=0.220); altered waist circumference (yes-70%; no-72% p=0.881) and overweight (yes-0%; no-8%, p=0.081). No differences between means of biochemical parameters were found when comparing active and sedentary adolescents: viral load (15995×15922 copies, p=0.995); CD4 (485×441 cells, p=0.540); total cholesterol (156×162 mg/dl, p=0.523); HDL-cholesterol (39×37 mg/dl, p=0.373) and LDL-cholesterol (94×95 mg/dl, p=0.874). 1/3 of adolescents spent no time practicing physical activity. Among those who reported practicing it, the sports most cited were: football (44.4%), volleyball (14.4%) and cycling (7.8%). Mean time spent practicing sports was 198.9 min/week (SD=271.1 minutes) and mean time spent walking/cycling to school was 74.1 min/week (SD=104.2).ConclusionA high prevalence of sedentariness was found in this population. Sedentary behaviour may have a negative impact on adolescents' health.