Plasmid and chromosomal genes encode determinants of virulence for (Perry & Fetherston 1997, Parkhill et al. 2001, Deng et al. 2002. A 102-kb, unstable chromosomal area (locus pgm) is essential for Y. pestis virulence (Fetherston et al. 1992, Hinnebusch et al. 1996, Buchrieser et al. 1998.Typical strains of Y. pestis harbour three plasmids: pPst (9.5kb), encoding a plasminogen activator protease (Pla) (Sodeinde & Goguen, 1988; pFra (90kb), encoding a capsular protein Fraction 1 (F1) with antiphagocytic activities (Du et al. 2002) and murine toxin (Ymt), required for survival in the flea (Hinnebusch et al. 2002); pYV (70kb), encoding the Yop virulon which comprises both the Yop effectors proteins and the proteins necessary for injecting them into host cells. The Yop virulon enables the bacteria to survive and multiply in the lymphoid tissues of the host (Cornelis 2002). Several insertion sequences (IS100, IS200, IS285) present in the three plasmids favour recombination events and genetic plasticity (Filippov et al. 1995, Parkhill et al. 2001, Deng et al. 2002.However, atypical strains lacking some plasmids have been found in several foci around the world. On the other hand, strains containing extra DNA bands or additional cryptic plasmids have also been found (Filippov et al. 1990, Chu et al. 1998. In vitro, Y. pestis genome is very plastic and several changes have been described: emergence of additional DNA-bands, increasing of plasmid molecular mass, and integration of plasmids into the bacterial chromosome with or without loss of functions (Zsigray et al. 1985, Protsenko et al. 1991. Furthermore, the typical plasmids may be eliminated spontaneously at a high frequency during storage in the laboratory or through successive subcultures (Protsenko et al. 1991).The study of the plasmid content of Y. pestis isolates from the plague foci of Northeast Brazil, stored in the laboratory for several decades, showed that some of them displayed an atypical plasmid profile characterized by the absence of some plasmids or by the presence of extra DNA bands (Leal et al. 1997a, Leal & Almeida 1999, Cavalcanti et al. 2002. The absence of plasmids and the emergence of extra-DNA bands in the Brazilian isolates could also have been produced during storage or handling in the laboratory.To observe possible alterations in plasmids of the cultures in vitro and the impact of the alterations to their pathogenicity, three low subcultured and highly pathogenic Y. pestis isolates were submitted to serial subcultures. Colonies selected after subcultures were analyzed for their plasmid content and the presence of some characteristic genes of each plasmid. LD 50 in mice of the parental strains and derived cultures displaying different plasmid contents were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacteria and culture conditions -The study involved two Brazilian isolates: one old (P. Exu 340, originating from a finger bone marrow in a fatal human case in 1969), and the most recent Brazilian isolate (P. CE 882, originating from a hemoculture from a plagu...

ABSTRACT. We subtyped Brazilian Yersinia pestis strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). This was done with 22 Brazilian Y. pestis strains: 17 from an outbreak and 5 from endemic routine surveillance. The strains were divided into 2 groups (I and II), 8 subgroups (A-H) and 19 PFGE profiles or pulsotypes. PFGE did not separate outbreak from non-outbreak strains, as identical pulsotype patterns were found among outbreak strains and strains obtained from surveillance. However, it was able to detect intraspecific genetic diversity among Brazilian strains. This PFGE technique was able to differentiate a homogeneous group of Brazilian Y. pestis strains.

ABSTRACT. Plague outbreaks are occasionally reported in Brazil. Unfortunately, due to great genetic similarity, molecular subtyping of Yersinia pestis strains is difficult. Analysis of multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), also known as MLVA, has been found to be a valuable tool to discriminate among strains. To check for genetic differences, strains obtained from two different ecological complexes in Brazil collected during two different epidemiological events, an epizootic in Sítio Alagoinha in 1967 and an outbreak in Planalto da Borborema in 1986, were subtyped through MLVA using 12 VNTR loci. Three clusters (A, B and C) were observed. Of the 20 strains from the epizootic, 18 fit into cluster A. Cluster A was divided into two subgroups: A 1 (15 strains) and A 2 (3 strains). Of the 17 strains from the outbreak, 15 fit into cluster B. Cluster B was divided into three subgroups: B 1 (4 strains), B 2 (4 strains) and B 3 (7 strains). Cluster C is a singleton with one epizootic strain. The external standards, Y. pestis CO92 and Y. pseudotuberculosis IP32953, formed two clusters of singletons. The stability of 12 VNTR loci of three unrelated cultures ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 11 (3): 3414-3424 (2012) Brazilian Yersinia pestis diversity 3415 included in this study was assessed. The 12 VNTR loci were stable through multiple serial subcultures in the laboratory. MLVA revealed that Y. pestis populations in Brazil are not monomorphic, and that there is intraspecific genetic diversity among Brazilian plague strains. We conclude that there is some correlation among genetic groups of this species, related to the temporal and geographic origin of isolates.