Background
Viruses are considered to be a newer family associated with inflammatory diseases. Yet the role of periodontal viruses in coronary artery diseases (CAD) remains unclear. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal viruses and compare the same in cardiac samples of CAD patients with and without periodontitis.
Methods
A total of 60 patients with CAD indicated for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) were included. These were grouped into 36 patients with healthy periodontium (CAD only) and 24 patients with periodontitis (CAD + P). The demographic variables, cardiac parameters and periodontal parameters were recorded. Cardiac tissue samples were collected during the CABG surgery and were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for periodontal viruses such as Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Herpes simplex virus. All the parameters were statistically analyzed.
Results
Among the demographic variables, age was statistically significant between the groups. Plaque index, bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level (CAL) were significantly higher in CAD+P group (P ˂0.05). Periodontal viruses such as EBV and CMV were significantly higher (62.5% and 75% respectively, P ˂0.05) in the cardiac samples of the CAD+P than CAD only (25% and 47.2%, respectively). A significant association between EBV and CAL was revealed by multiple logistic regression analysis. (B = 0.374, P = 0.046)
Conclusions
The results revealed a higher prevalence of periodontal viruses such as EBV and CMV in CAD patients with periodontitis suggesting it as one of the risk factors for CAD. This is supported by the fact that severity of periodontal disease (CAL) is associated with the presence of EBV in coronary artery plaque samples in the current study.
Over the years, the role of microorganisms has evolved as a major causative factor in the aetiology of the periodontal disease (Palenstien Helderman, 1981). Products of periodontal bacteria, which mainly comprise of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), enzymes and toxins, induce an inflammatory response to the host (Wang & Ohura, 2002). This uncontrolled, over-exuberant inflammatory response in chronic periodontitis associated with an oxidative stress-induced inflammatory pathogenesis, can be a risk for various systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus (DM) (Iacopino, 2001).Periodontitis is one of the most common chronic immunoinflammatory bacterial infection of the supporting structures of the tooth which is associated with gram negative microorganisms in subgingival biofilm (Lee et al., 2019). Periodontal viruses such as Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), being one of the important pathogens in various inflammatory diseases, were previously left unstudied in association with the periodontitis and diabetes (Contreras & Slots, 2000 and Botero
The present study aims to analyse the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the crude extract of Euphorbia hirta. The antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using different solvent extracts of Euphorbia hirta with disc diffusion method and the DPPH scavenging activity was performed to analyze the free radical scavenging efficacy of the extracts. GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the biologically active compounds in ethyl acetate extract. The result reveals the antibacterial efficacy of the ethyl acetate mediated crude extract of Euphorbia hirta against all the tested organisms. The free radical scavenging activity of the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were recorded with the IC50 value of 47.8 µg/ml and 63.7 µg/ml, respectively, compared with aqueous extract with IC50 value of 181.86 µg/ml. GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate revealed the presence of potential antibacterial and antioxidant components suggesting the isolation and evaluation of the specific agent which can be exploited as a potential antimicrobial drug and antioxidant agent.
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