The purpose of the paper is to describe permanent emigration from Poland during the first decade of the 21st century. This period of time was characterised by major political and economic changes in Poland and elsewhere in the world. The paper is based on data obtained from the GUS Demographic Yearbook for the years prior to 2011. The spatial analysis in the paper is based on the current administrative division of Poland - voivodships. This includes the number of migrants and their demographic and social structure. Finally, the paper addresses the direction of migrant flow in terms of absolute numbers and rates of change.
Hydrological investigations require the development of a geodatabase allowing for the calculation of physiographic catchment parameters, as well as the analysis of amounts of water resources and changes therein. Such a geodatabase usually consists of meteorological, hydrological and cartographic data. The present study offers a review of datasets that may be used for geodatabase development in the interests of hydrological research, in catchments located in the Polish-Ukrainian borderland. The catchment of the Wiar River – selected to serve as a case study – is in fact divided by the state border into two equal sub-catchments (395.5 km2 in Poland and 398.9 km2 in Ukraine).The results reveal disparities in the spatial distribution of stream and meteorological gauges. For the Polish part of the catchment datasets include many parameters (in accordance with EU Directive and Regulations) and the results from monitoring are available online as yearly reports. For the Ukrainian part, only chemical components are monitored, and these data are not made available publicly. Consistent data sets such as DEM can be obtained from globally available ASTER and SRTM models. Datasets, such as LiDAR, which are important for medium and large-scale analyses allowing for the development of high-resolution DEMs, do not exist. Use of TanDEM-X data is restricted for the Ukrainian territory. However, comparison between the SRTM and LiDAR models (for the Polish part) revealed that the SRTM model may be optimised to serve the whole area. Land-use and land-cover data (LULC) are important in many hydrological analyses. the authors propose using satellite images in the development of a comparable layer describing land cover of the whole catchment.
In recent years, many universities have experienced decline in recruitment. This is due to decrease of birth rate of the late 80's and 90's and the increasing number of private higher education institutions, which allow payable studying. In the academic year 2009/10 1.9 million students in Poland were studying at 456 universities, including 131 public and 325 private ones. 41 state higher education institutions used name of university, of which 18 were humanities universities, and 23 so-called adjectival. 36 universities had the status of the academy. The others were polytechnics departmental universities and state schools of higher professional education. Among the most popular fields of study Tourism and recreation took 6th place among the 125 in total, as indicated by the number of candidates for 1 place. Students are trained in the field of tourism in 75 municipalities in Poland at 183 universities, including 63 state ones. Tourism also occurs as 123 specializations in the various fields of study. It is found in the fields with similar educational profile, but also as rare and highly focused specializations. The most of universities educating in the field of Tourism and Recreation or related fields are in mazowieckie (31 universities), wielkopolskie (19), małopolskie (17) and śląskie (16) voivodeships. The smallest numbers of colleges offer such voivodeships as: opolskie (2), warmińsko- -mazurskie (3) and lubuskie (4). The popularity of this field is caused by the spread of mass tourism and rapid development of regions and sector of tourism services. An Important reason is also raising the professional qualifications and strategy for the promotion of Poland as a country attractive for tourists. However, the question arises, how useful it is to educate so many specialists in the field of tourism and whether the level of their education would allow them to find their place on a competitive labour market?
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