There is increasing evidence that many languages encode prosodic focus not only with phonetic variations in the focused component itself, but also with a reduction of pitch range and intensity of the post-focus components, a strategy known as post-focus compression (PFC). However, evidence is also emerging that in many other languages prosodic encoding of focus is markedly different, suggesting that PFC might be related to factors such as the presence of lexical tone, stress or the availability of morphosyntactic means of signaling focus. The current study investigated the production and perception of f ocus in Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin and Beijing Mandarin, three languages/dialects that are all tonal and that have similar morphosyntactic means for indicating focus. Results showed clear evidence of PFC in Beijing Mandarin but lack of it in Taiwanese and Taiwan Mandarin, suggesting that PFC is independent of the factors mentioned above. Most interestingly, Taiwan Mandarin seems to have lost PFC due to close contact with Taiwanese despite its effectiveness as demonstrated by the perceptual experiment. The new findings, taken together with other recent finding about prosodic focus, seem to suggest that PFC is a "hard-to-evolve" prosodic feature that may have a single historical origin. Thus there is a need for large scale experimental research to explore the crosslinguistic distribution of PFC, so as to broaden our understanding of not only prosodic typology, but also language contact, bilingualism and language evolution in general.
Communication tools on social networking sites (SNSs) provide users with an efficient way to distribute information to the public and/or their friends simultaneously. In this article, we show that this kind of indiscriminate one-to-many (i.e., monologue) communication, in which the diverse interests of recipients are not considered, may induce a tendency toward egocentrism that interferes with other-oriented concerns, resulting in a reduced inclination to display prosocial behavior. In Experiment 1, participants induced to post a public communication subsequently allocated less money to anonymous strangers in the dictator game than did control participants. In Experiment 2, participants directing a post about participation in an experiment to their Facebook friends volunteered to help code fewer data sheets than did controls. Moreover, an egocentric state was shown to mediate the relationship between indiscriminate one-to-many communication and helping behavior. We provide the first demonstration that indiscriminate one-to-many communication on online social networks may be associated with a tendency toward self-interest. Our results suggest that the prevalence of monologue communication on SNSs may induce an egocentric tendency that undermines the likelihood of prosocial behavior.
We investigate spin-polarized (SP) electronic transport properties and hybrid states of a single manganese phthalocyanine (MnPc) molecule adsorbed on a Co nanoisland, with the SP scanning tunneling microscopy measurements and the first-principles calculations. Our analyses show that the MnPc molecule can pin the Co surface state to the Fermi level, forming hybrid stationary spin resonance states which, with an antiparallelmagnetization tip, give a resonant SP conductance peak. Our calculations further reveal that as the tip approaches the molecule, electronic and magnetic couplings in the junction are tuned as the Zener indirect exchange coupling becomes prominent, which switches the conduction carriers from s to d electrons and leads to the tailored magnetic moments and magnetoresistance. ■ INTRODUCTIONThe organic−metal molecules possess unique magnetic characteristics which can be used to build multifunction spintronic devices and have attracted intensive interest. Recently, such molecular properties have been explored by Xray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) 1−3 and spin-polarized (SP) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), 4−6 revealing various degree of hybrid states at the interface of molecules and substrates. These studies suggest the impacts of the hybrid states on spin injection 7 and single-molecule conduction, 8 facilitating the design of spin-based devices. For example, the surface state of a Co nanoisland located around −0.3 eV can be pinned to around the Fermi level by adsorbing a cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) molecule on the surface to form hybrid stationary spin resonance states, perpendicular to the surface, 4,9 providing a promising way to engineer the spinterface.Whereas the CoPc molecule can shift the Co spinterface states, first-principles calculations propose that the manganese phthalocyanine (MnPc) molecule owns higher magnetic moment and magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy than the CoPc molecule has, 10 which would tune such states efficiently and achieve featured devices. While properties of MnPc molecules on metallic substrates have been investigated experimentally by the X-ray absorption spectroscopy 2,11 or STM, 12,13 a direct SP-STM transport measurement of the MnPc molecule adsorbed on a Co nanoisland, as applied to the CoPc molecule 4,9 and the hydrogen phthalocyanine molecule, 8,14 however is still absent.Since a spintronic device would function in a shorter contact distance than the STM does, the effects of the tip and substrate on the molecule should take into account. For instance, both the unpolarized 15−18 and polarized 19−21 tips induce modifications to electronic structures of the sample. Recently, an ab initio study predicts the tailored tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) in the antiferromagnetic junction consisted of a Co−Cr dimer and a SP-STM tip and suggests that by changing the distance between the tip and dimer, the hybrid states and magnetic couplings can be tuned and better understood. 22 A direct correlation between the observed hybrid states and magnetic couplings in ...
Leisure is commonly treated as a means instead of an end goal of intervention. This approach, influenced by history and society's past values, does not reflect the fact that leisure is meaningful and unique to its participants and has a significant effect on their health. On the basis of the core values of the occupational therapy profession and its role in the health care system, in this article we advocate that occupational therapists should expand their focus to include leisure as a goal of intervention. Although adopting this proposed approach may not be easy, given that it involves challenges in reimbursement for services, potential competition with other health professions, and a twisting of the deep-rooted existing values of occupational therapists, we believe the proposed solutions address these concerns and shed light on how to make leisure a valued goal of intervention.
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