Spesies sibling merupakan spesies –spesies yang memiliki kemiripan ciri morfologi serta terjadi isolasi reproduksi dalam suatu populasi. Identifikasi spesies sibling sangat penting dilakukan karena setiap spesies memiliki perbedaan kapasitas vektorial.Pengetahuan yang komprehensif mengenai identitas vektor Anophelespenting dalam upaya pengendalian penyakit malaria berbasis vektor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi karakter morfologi An.vagus vagusdan An. vagus limosusasal Desa Bangsring Banyuwangi. Identifikasi morfologi dilakukan dengan mengamati bagian kaki, palpus, proboscis dan sayap dengan menggunakan mikroskop stereo berdasarkan beberapa buku kunci identifikasi. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa An. vagusvagusmemiliki karakteristik kaki tidak berbercak, proboscis dengan gelang pucat dan prehumeral sayap dengan pita pucat diantara dua pita gelap. Sedangkan An. vagus limosus memiliki karakteristik kaki tidak berbercak, proboscis keseluruhan gelap dan prehumeral sayap dengan pita gelap seluruhnya.
Purification of 31 and 56 kDa Immunogenic Proteins from the Salivary Glands of Aedes aegyptiThe salivary gland of arthropod vector contains various bioactive compounds and plays a role in the transmission of pathogens to the host. The host develops anti-salivary antibodies against vector saliva exposure. Our previous research has identified two immunogenic proteins with molecular weights of 31 and 56 kDa from the Aedes aegypti salivary gland protein extract. However, the role of the 31 and 56 kDa immunogenic proteins from saliva Ae. aegypti is not fully known, so it is necessary to purify two immunogenic protein fractions to better specify the target of developing a dengue vaccine. This study aimed to purify the 31 and 56 kDa immunogenic protein fractions by electroelution and dialysis methods. The purification of the two protein fractions has been successful which were confirmed by the SDS-PAGE by the existence of single-band parallel to the positive control. These results were further supported by the dot blot analysis which showed a positive reaction in the form of dark spots in the two protein fractions which were reacted with dengue patients' serum, endemic healthy people, and neonates. These results indicated that the purified 31 and 56 kDa immunogenic protein fraction can be identified by specific antibodies.Keywords: dialysis, electroelution, immunogenic, purification, saliva  ABSTRAKKelenjar saliva vektor arthropoda mengandung berbagai senyawa bioaktif dan berperan dalam transmisi patogen ke tubuh inang. Tubuh inang mengembangkan antibodi anti-saliva terhadap paparan saliva vektor. Penelitian kami sebelumnya telah mengidentifikasi dua protein imunogenik dengan berat molekul 31 dan 56 kDa dari ekstrak protein kelenjar saliva Aedes aegypti. Namun demikian, peranan protein imunogenik 31 dan 56 kDa dari saliva Ae. aegypti belum diketahui sepenuhnya sehingga perlu dilakukan purifikasi dua fraksi protein imunogenik untuk lebih menspesifikkan target pengembangan vaksin dengue. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melakukan purifikasi fraksi protein imunogenik 31 dan 56 kDa melalui metode elektroelusi dan dialisis. Keberhasilan purifikasi dua fraksi protein 31 dan 56 kDa terbukti dari hasil konfirmasi SDS-PAGE dengan terbentuknya pita tunggal sejajar dengan kontrol positif. Hasil tersebut diperkuat dengan analisis dot blot yang menunjukkan reaksi positif dengan munculnya noktah gelap pada dua fraksi protein tersebut ketika direaksikan dengan serum pasien DBD, penduduk sehat endemik dan neonatus. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa fraksi protein imunogenik 31 dan 56 kDa hasil purifikasi dapat dikenali oleh antibodi spesifik.
Since the malaria outbreak in 2011, the breeding place of Anopheles in Bangsring Village on Banyuwangi District has been monitored by District Public Health Office as part of a vector surveillance program. Morphological identification is still a standard tool to observe Anopheles occurrence and diversity, but the presence of cryptic species made it unreliable. In this study, a molecular approach called DNA barcoding technique was used to assist the morphology-based techniques to identify Anopheles species found in Bangsring. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence was used as molecular marker. Based on the morphological features, we were able to identify Anopheles (An.) vagus, An. subpictus, An. sundaicus and An. aconitus. ITS2 sequences from the four identified species were then analyzed simultaneously with eighteen reference sequences from NCBI which had a high similarity of 98-100%. The NJ phylogenetic tree formed three major clades, where the two clades as monophyletic clades were An. vagus and An. aconitus. Another clade was formed as polyphyletic clade containing An. subpictus and An. sundaicus. Although An. subpictus and An. sundaicus were placed in the same clade, seven nucleotide differences were observed in their ITS2 sequence. The intra-specific variation of those two species was 0.08 and 0.49%, respectively, while the interspecific variation was 1.39%. Interspecific variation which was higher than the mean intra-specific variation might indicate that An. sundaicus and An. subpictus were a distantly species. However, the value of interspecific variation lower than 3% might also indicate that those species were classified as a complex species. All ITS2 sequences from morphologically identified species had similar results with molecular-based techniques. This result showed that molecular identification using the ITS2 sequence was reliable in supporting morphological identification among closely related anopheline mosquitoes and gave further information about their evolutionary divergence.
The ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), is autosomal trait inherited in a simple Mendelian recessive pattern. The frequency of Taster and non-Taster allele is varies in different populations. The purpose of the research is to investigate the prevalence, gene frequency and genotype frequency of taster (T) and non taster (ts of Osing population in Kemiren-Banyuwangi. PTC serial dilution method was used to assess the PTC Taster and non-Taster phenotypes. The Hardy–Weinberg method was used to determine allele frequencies. The total of samples were 227 people, male were 117 and female were 110 with age range of 15–30 years were randomly selected. The result showed that the Osing population as Taster were 210 (92,52%) and non Taster were 17samples (7,48%) . The allele frecuency of Taster (T) was 0,73 and non Taster (t) was 0,27 respectively. The genotype frequency of dominant Taster (TT) was 0,54, heterozygosity Taster (Tt) was 0,39, and genotype of non Taster (tt) was 0,07.
Bondowoso Regency has great potential to evolve into the centers of the batik creative industry. But, there are still no batik products that show the uniqueness of Bondowoso Regency. Several community groups in Suling Wetan Village, Cermee Subdistrict, Bondowoso Regency, have been running a business as batik artisans since 2015. The community groups have had the basic skill to produce batik. Unfortunately, they still don't give any impact on the growth of the cultural tourism destinations in Bondowoso. The old batik designs do not attract buyers, has limited color combinations, and only rely on synthetic batik dyes. Through the partnership service program that have been implemented, some of the Batik community business can develop their products. This partnership service program is done by several activities, such as socialization; workshops on batik design and the use of natural dyes; training on natural materials and batik coloring; procurement of gawangan machines, pendulum and accessories; training and mentoring techniques for making interesting batik motifs and coloring using natural dyes; and the dialogue to develop the creative batik industry. The results of this program are developing not only the Suling Wetan Village but also make the Batik community business in Cermee Subdistrict, independently growth as a creative batik industry. This improvement is also captivating the cultural tourism in Bondowoso Regency.
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