On a daily basis, humans, and their colonizing microbiome, are exposed to both indoor and outdoor dust, containing both deleterious organic and inorganic contaminants, through dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion. Recent studies evaluating the dust exposure responses of opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, revealed significant increases in biofilm formation following dust exposure. In this study, the effects of dust exposure on mixed bacterial cultures as well as HT-29 co-cultures were evaluated. As it was observed in pure, single bacterial cultures earlier, neither indoor nor outdoor dust exposure (at concentrations of 100 μg/mL) influenced the growth of mixed bacterial liquid cultures. However, when in paired mixed cultures, dust exposure increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and significantly enhanced biofilm formation (outdoor dust). More specifically, mixed cultures (E. coli-Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae-P. aeruginosa, and E. coli-P. aeruginosa) exhibited increased sensitivity to 20 and 50 mM of HO in comparison to their pure, single bacterial culture counterparts and significantly enhanced biofilm production for each mixed culture. Finally, bacterial proliferation during a eukaryotic gut cell (HT29) co-culture was significantly more robust for both K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa when exposed to both house and road dust; however, E. coli only experienced significantly enhanced proliferation, in HT29 co-culture, when exposed to road dust. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that bacteria respond to dust exposure differently when in the presence of multiple bacterial species or when in the presence of human gut epithelial cells, than when grown in isolation.
The consumption of herbal supplements has been one of the remedy for several aliments including cancer for a long time. Cancers, especially colorectal adenocarcinoma are diseases with high morbidity and mortality and are often associated with suffering and poor quality of life. Herbal supplements are an attractive cancer therapy, we have investigated the antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties of the herbal supplement SAABFAT6 on colorectal adenocarcinoma cell (HT29). Ethanol extracts of SAABFAT6 (0.5‐2 mg/mL) was incubated with HT29 and in vitro antiproliferative/cytotoxicity activities were evaluated using MTT assay. Treatment of HT29 with SAABFAT6 significantly reduced cellular proliferation at 48 and 72 but not at 24 hrs except for 2 mg/mL concentration. Cytotoxic evaluation showed significant reduction in cell viability at 24 and 48 hrs (2 mg/mL) and at 48 hrs (0.5 and 1 mg/mL). This preliminary result indicates that SAABFAT6 supplement may have a potential for the regulation of HT29 growth and survival. Further study is required to identify the mechanism(s) by which the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of SAABFAT6 is mediated.
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