W artykule zaprezentowano kluczowe analizy krajobrazowe umożliwiające identyfikację i diagnozę środowiska, a w konsekwencji pomagające w formułowaniu zasad rozwoju zrównoważonego określonych terenów. Zakresem terytorialnym badań objęto gminę wiejską Puchaczów, położoną w województwie lubelskim, gdzie z uwagi na uwarunkowania przyrodnicze w II połowie XX wieku rozwinął się przemysł wydobywczy. W pracy wykonano analizę pokrycia terenu, uproszczoną analizę ekotopów, zagrożeń dla środowiska oraz struktur ekologicznych. Wypadkową powyższych badań jest analiza tendencji zmian zachodzących w gminie, która wskazuje obszary problemowe, a w konsekwencji umożliwia zaproponowanie odpowiednich kierunków rozwoju przestrzennego. W gminie Puchaczów od lat 70. XX wieku głównym czynnikiem determinującym charakter krajobrazu jest działalność kopalni węgla kamiennego, powodująca przekształcenia m.in. rzeźby terenu i hydro-sfery. Zaproponowane we wnioskach działania mają na celu zahamowanie negatywnych skutków działalności wydobywczej poprzez wzmocnienie systemu przyrodniczego gminy.
Contemporary efforts to create “ideal” rural areas are carried out in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. It should be emphasized that in the process of planning the directions of development of rural areas, the economic factor is very often placed above the ecological one. It is the conditions of the natural environment that should form the basis for their shaping. Research on natural resources, including vegetation, makes it possible to recognize the quality of the landscape and adapt future directions of its transformations to the existing condition. The main aim of the article is to present the model of the “perfect village”—the principles of shaping natural systems that support sustainable development. The territorial scope of the research covered the Puchaczów commune. It is a rural area with an additional industrial character. The guidelines of the “perfect village” model have been organized hierarchically, taking into account the scope of the planned activities. There are three basic types of them: protection, strengthening and reconstruction of the vegetation. Another equally important goal is to present the spatial transformations taking place in the commune’s landscape and to generate a forecast of its possible development in 2050. The authors also performed a simulation of land cover taking into account the guidelines of the “perfect village”. The research was carried out using the QGIS 2.18 program and the MOLUSCE plugin. Both forecasts were subject to a comparative analysis. Research has shown that by applying the principles of shaping the natural system of the Puchaczów commune presented in the article, it is possible to inhibit the pressure of anthropogenic factors on the natural environment.
Landscape metrics have been used for years in research on the evolution of landscapes. They are also important in the process of monitoring changes taking place in the functional and spatial structure of rural areas. The main aim of this article is to assess the transformation of the rural landscape of the Puchaczów commune, which is based on a comparative analysis of selected landscape metrics. In the Puchaczów commune, due to the availability of raw materials, a mining industry has developed, which has a decisive influence on the development of the region. The study included schemes of the commune’s land cover from four periods: the pre-war period, the 1960s and the 1970s (i.e., shortly before the construction of the hard coal mine), 1990–2000, and 2020. Then, for the given time frames, with the help of the FRAGSTATS version 4.2 program, the following landscape indicators were calculated: the percentage of the landscape coverage by particular land cover units, the number of patches, the mean class area, the Shannon diversity index, and the Simpson diversity index. A comparative analysis of landscape metrics showed that the landscape of the Puchaczów commune was constantly transformed in the years 1937–2020. Despite the decrease in the area of agricultural land, agricultural production remains the dominant function of the commune. The percentage of industrial areas is the smallest, but the metric values do not reflect the enormous environmental impact of the mine. A broader description of the changes taking place in the landscape of the Puchaczów commune can therefore be obtained only by combining research with the use of landscape metrics and analyses of the impact of land cover units on the environment.
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